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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Planetary cave: Gravity inside a non-concentric shell

There are several previous questions concerning concentric shells. I won't reference them here because this is different. I understand that there is no gravitational effect inside a concentric she...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Scale model solar system in interstellar space - will it work?

Now that FTL travel is here there are all sorts of family outings we can go on. One of these is a scale model solar system lovingly made by hobbyist Barty Slartfast. In full scale Sedna is thre...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Dimensions of an O'Neill cylinder with gravity and coriolis force like surface of Earth

What would be the diameter and rotational speed of an O'Neill cylinder on the inside surface of which centrifugal and coriolis forces are equal to "gravity" and coriolis force on the surface of Ear...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by System‭

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How to predict the color of this sky?

How can I predict the color of the sky based on the information provided? Atmospheric composition: | 2% Trace gases | 58% Nitrogen | 26% Oxygen | 11% Argon | 3% Carbon dioxide | Average s...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Neuryte‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Neuryte‭

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Feasibility of life/existence of a world devoid of transition metals

I was wondering if it is possible for life to evolve in a world which lacks any transition metals. I am wondering this because, it could give a plausible explanation for a world which is very unli...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by jbord39‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by jbord39‭

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If Earth's Moon Were Ganymede-Like, Part I: Rotation

I know that in the past I posted questions on if specific bodies larger than the moon--Mars in one and Titan in another--but this series deals with questions regarding Earth's effects by a natural ...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Could you liquefy an asteroid to collect its resources?

Suppose you could pump a load of energy into an asteroid at a safe distance. As energy gets added to the object, does it make sense that this could be done in a way to get the asteroid to different...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Chris W‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Chris W‭

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How close can a ship get to Sagittarius A?

Assuming that the only fancy available technology is FTL drives (to get there) plus anything needed to protect and sustain a crew during the journey from Earth to Sagittarius A (whether it takes a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Sava‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Sava‭

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Finding the size of tides

I have a planetary system in which there is a huge planet and a moon orbiting it which has an atmosphere and water (and actually everything needed to sustain life). Thing is that I'm sure the mass...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Masclins‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Masclins‭

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How can I make this religion believing in "creating time traveling gods through science" believable?

I want to popularize the following or a similar belief. In many thousand years people will travel back in time to give us an afterlife, if we make it possible, by going the steps, that will lea...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Philipp Wettmann‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Philipp Wettmann‭

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Could I have an earth-like planet from which sun and moon would never be simultaneously visible?

On earth there can be hours where the moon is up during the same time the sun is in the sky (daytime moon) due to the combined rotation of earth and orbit of the moon. I would like to have an earth...

7 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by DerGreif‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DerGreif‭

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How does the n-body-problem affect a star system around a red dwarf?

So my story is set in the TRAPPIST-1-system and a rogue planet enters the system. When it's still far off, a scientist discovers that one of the numbers is slightly off. (She has some tables that p...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Böller‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Böller‭

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Would EMP From a Nuke Stall a car?

In my story a man who works in Military Intel gets early warning that a nuclear attack on his base is inbound. He abandons his post, grabs his wife and kid from on base housing, and books it out of...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by TCAT117‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by TCAT117‭

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How to generate powerful cyclonic storms in an ocean basin

I have a region on a planet with identical parameters to Earth but different landmasses that is rather similar to the southern ocean on Earth. There is a single piece of land around the size of th...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Antarctica07‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Antarctica07‭

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What is a reasonable energy solution for a proposed solar system wide Laser Propulsion array?

In my fiction I'm setting up a civilization which uses Laser Propulsion for moving things between bodies within a solar system (assume Earth/sun analogy). Laser Units have been set up anchored to a...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Chris W‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Chris W‭

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What would tides look like on a planet with two similarly sized and oppositely places moons?

I'm making a mostly ice planet with two moons. For the purposes of this question, let's assume that they are both proportional size and distance to the size and distance to our moon. Both are tidal...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by greenmaster‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by greenmaster‭

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What would the biochemistry of a vacuum dwelling creature look like?

I'm playing around with a story idea that includes vacuum dwelling intelligent life, but I'm not sure I understand the constraints of biochemistry I need to deal with. There's lots of potential s...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Morris The Cat‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Morris The Cat‭

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How far from the Sun could we detect an alien spacecraft similar to the Voyagers?

Suppose that there is an alien spacecraft travelling towards the Sun. This spacecraft is similar in design, size and power output to Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 as they were immediately after launch fr...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Canina‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Canina‭

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Would it be possible to create an artificial iron star?

I ran a quick calculation, and the mass of iron required to form a black hole is on the order of 10^40kg. So, suppose that in my story there is this almost much iron available to somehow be brough...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Michael‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Michael‭

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Could a planet's Karman line hypothetically occur under a liquid surface?

The Karman Line is one of the most commonly-used definitions of the "edge of space". As an airplane flies higher in the atmosphere, the air gets thinner and thus the lift decreases. This can be c...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by DrSheldon‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DrSheldon‭

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How could you tell if someone was messing around with your gravity?

I'm working on a story involving first contact with an alien species that bases their space travel on directly manipulating gravity fields. My question is not about how that would work, but rather ...

6 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Morris The Cat‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Morris The Cat‭

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Good approximative function to extrapolate weight of scaled clothing

Motivation The Square-Cube law is usually cited where questions of scale arise. Actually applying it to real-world objects quickly shows that it is completely unusable to approximate weight differ...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Zsar‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Zsar‭

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Big moon, small planet - can an earth sized moon orbit a moon sized planet?

I know that objects with lower mass tends to orbit objects with higher mass, is it possible to have a Moon sized planet who's mass is so heavy that an Earth sized planet orbit it as it's Moon in a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by cypher‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by cypher‭

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Smallest possible habitable planet? (also taking density into account)

I have seen a few similar questions but none seem to take the density of a planet into account. I'm creating a planet on which several small civilisations develop. The planet needs to have a few bi...

8 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by System‭

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How much electromagnetic transmission noise does Earth have to emit to be noticeable?

From time to time I'll see things talking about how thanks to all of our radio communications, we're effectively broadcasting our existence to the entire universe. However, when I did some back-of-...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Rob Watts‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Rob Watts‭

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If Earth's Core had ALL Of the Heavy Metals

Back home, Earth had gone through an impact-coalesce cycle only once. Since then, its core has been 84% iron, 6% nickel and the rest being labeled by The Encyclopedia of Earth: A Complete Visual ...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Could I use a series of magnetic asteroids to create a magnetic field for mars?

If I push a couple of magnetic asteroids into mars gravitational field, could they form an interlocking series of magnetic fields able to protect mars from solar winds? Size limits for asteroids ...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Clay Deitas‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Clay Deitas‭

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How many spaceships would it take to block the Sun from the daylight side of the Earth?

Think of a giant hemispherical shell, constructed of spaceships, sitting just far enough from Earth to be too far for Earth-based defences and close enough to effectively cast a shadow on the entir...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by TotallyTomatoes‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by TotallyTomatoes‭

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Astronomy in a universe with two "straight" dimensions plus a highly curved dimension

So for lack of a better term (I'm sure there is a better term) imagine a universe without curvature as being like a sheet of paper. You have left, right, forwards, backwards, up, and down. Now take...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by tox123‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by tox123‭

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Extinction Equilibrium: 50%

The last time I asked a worldbuilding extinction question, I asked on what sorts of factors would create an extinction event in which 96% of all terrestrial species and only 70% of marine species d...

8 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Can Lenz's Law Allow a Simple Block of Metal to Divert a Charged Electron Beam?

I was curious about an odd effect I first saw in video here: YouTube : Copper's Surprising Reaction to Strong Magnets In the video, a big heavy magnet is brought to an abrupt halt by a simple piec...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by James McLellan‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by James McLellan‭

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How far could a planet be from its star and still be kept habitable by intense greenhouse gases?

Epimetheus is a planet with about three times the mass of Earth orbiting a sun-like star in the Andromeda galaxy. However, two major factors separate Epimetheus from Earth. First, it has a thick at...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by ckersch‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by ckersch‭

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Modern technology during WW2, can it be powered safely?

Imagine someone from the modern day somehow gets transported back in time around the same time of WW2 without warning ahead of time. He has with him a laptop, graphing calculator (and a hand full ...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by dsollen‭

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A self-eclipsing orbital ring

A common, matter-efficient science-fiction habitat is a hollow cylinder or ring in space that is spun to simulate the pull of gravity on its interior surface. These habitats have been imagined as s...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Mike Nichols‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Mike Nichols‭

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How would a permanently cold tower affect its environment?

In my world, physics works exactly like on Earth, except that there is a narrow, 400 foot tall magical column sticking vertically out of the ground, which is magically always extremely cold -- I'm ...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Nathan Hinchey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Nathan Hinchey‭

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How does the Ash Manor get electricity?

Previously on the same setting (: How close is too close for a human habitation to be near an erupting volcano? What factors could delay the rescue of a small group of survivors on a Pacific volc...

10 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Mindwin‭

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How would you designate targets for orbital bombardment?

Throwing big rocks at planets is so passe and any asteroid tug can do that now. The Intergalactic Arms Reduction Treaty forbids the intentional bombardment of a planet's surface with large asteroi...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Green‭

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How can I modern time traveler determine solstice and equinox?

A XX century researcher time traveled back into the prehistory. He is not in danger of death or anything, but he has only energy to attempt one jump. He must jump back during the sunrise either i...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Mindwin‭

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Regrowing body parts: What are the costs?

Everybody has seen superpowers like superstrength, flying, and regeneration. While flying and superstrength are quite straightforward regarding the energy cost, regeneration is not. In this questi...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by ArtificialSoul‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by ArtificialSoul‭

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How tall do atmosphere retaining walls on rotating space habitats need to be?

A common, matter-efficient science-fiction habitat is a hollow cylinder or ring in space that is spun to simulate the pull of gravity on its interior surface. These habitats have been imagined as s...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Mike Nichols‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Mike Nichols‭

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Creating a realistic world(s) map - Stars

This question is a sort of follow-up to Samuel's previous world map question, Creating a realistic world(s) map - planetary systems. Lots of science fiction stories involve journeying to nearby st...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by HDE 226868‭

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The Diet of Space Dwellers

I've looked around the forum but didn't find an answer to this particular question. In short, what food could realistically be produced in a space station assuming current (or near future) technolo...

5 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by tempestwing0101‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by tempestwing0101‭

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How big can a moon be where you can physically jump out of its orbit, to its planet?

So, imagine a team of space marines, fighting some sort of space bug zombies on a planet's moon. Things are going pretty bad for them, and the last surviving protagonists are running for their live...

7 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by DaaaahWhoosh‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DaaaahWhoosh‭

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Railguns designs for hand held rifles and spacecraft

I'm writing a book and I want to use rail-guns for advanced space age factions in warfare. I would like to make them as realistic as possible so I did a bit of digging myself, but most of the inf...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Creed Arcon‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Creed Arcon‭

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Could I make a planet with these parameters?

I want a planet that is twice the diameter of earth's but has very similar gravity, atmosphere, and day length. Would doubling the rotational speed of the planet meet these parameters without notab...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Christopher Void‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Christopher Void‭

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Energy cost of creating body parts from nothing but energy

What amount of energy would you need to expend to create an arm out of nothing but energy? Of course we have $E = m c^2$ telling us the energy any amount of mass represents. Given the average of a...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by ArtificialSoul‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by ArtificialSoul‭

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How much energy does this sun crushing ship, the CrushSun, use?

Useless Backstory "Why are you waking me up Sergeant? And why did we enter near-light speed?" "We received a distress call, and there wasn't enough time to notify you, sir." "What kind of distress...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by PyRulez‭

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Natural subterranean cave formations on Mars

Is it possible that subterranean caves do/have existed on Mars? We know of the past existence of water on Mars. Which region (if any) of Mars would we likely find/expect to find a cave system bel...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by socrates‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by socrates‭

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Reality Check: Megafauna and Dinosaurs

Could a planet support both large mammalian megafauna and non-avian dinosaurs at the same time? My worry is that bigger mammals have progressively more trouble with dissipating body heat, whereas ...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Dane‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Dane‭

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How big of a coronal mass ejection from the sun do I need to destroy all the electrical equipment on earth

So the background is simple: in the modern day a CME (coronal mass ejection, a solar flare that has escaped the sun) hits the Earth and destroyed all the electrical equipment causing planes to cras...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by skout‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by skout‭