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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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What would it take to make a scientific second equal exactly one traditional second?

A scientist is resetting the clock on his microwave one day as he considers the hopelessness of keeping the time exactly right. Not for the reasons we worry about like power outages and daylight s...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭

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Neodymium magnets as nanoparticles bonded with atmospheric amide to create a magnetic 'air curtain'?

Amide bonds are extremely stable and their half-life for hydrolysis in neutral aqueous solution is estimated to be seven years. Amides bind to metal ions through the carbonyl oxygen. Neodymium Mag...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by System‭

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Microphone implanted in and powered by the body

In an effort to reduce the murder rate I want to greatly increase the chances of getting caught. To do so I invented a device that will record your last words (and potential the murderer's and your...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by DasBeasto‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by DasBeasto‭

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How can an Earth-like moon meet these angular diameter conditions?

NOTE: If there is anything about this question that needs clarification or editing, please don't hesitate to let me know in the comments. Get ready, because you're in for quite a ride. I have t...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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How can a person Insulate copper wire in a medieval world?

Time traveler here, stranded in the year of 1019 AD, medieval ages. Location: europe. While I can still access and post on web forums because my temporal transmitter has a 1Ky range, I have a broke...

20 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Mindwin‭

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Can an Unstable Ternary Star System Last Several Hundred Years?

After reading the following question, I know that there are not that many solutions to the 3-body problem, and I know that a ternary system is unstable. The 3 stars all orbit each other in a rotati...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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What kind of star will work for my system?

After what feels like forever and after asking several questions (like this, this and this), I believe I may have decided upon a suitable orbital system for my world: $M_{S}=2.272\;571\;144\;5 \...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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What kind of protection system could be used against railguns?

What kind of system using modern technology would be able to counter a railgun projectile on a vehicle (both land and sea)? Would a think slab of angled armour in the shape of "<" work to cover ...

6 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by SMS von der Tann‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by SMS von der Tann‭

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How to build a tank equipped with a 1 GJ railgun

Not a tank that could survive being shot with a 1 GJ railgun (pretty sure nothing can survive that), but a tank that can withstand the recoil of a 1 GJ railgun that's been mounted to it. Obviousl...

8 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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How to calculate atmospheric circulation cells

Does anyone know an equation or something along those lines for calculating how many and the locations of atmospheric circulation cells for a planet? Also, does the planet's radius and atmospheric...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Aezyc‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Aezyc‭

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Would an antimatter bullet fired from a sniper rifle even reach its target?

Let's say our villain fires an antimatter rifle from behind a magnetic field over a km from the target. The bullet is traveling over 1000 meters per second. If it reaches its target, the 13 gram bu...

9 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by SurpriseDog‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by SurpriseDog‭

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How much energy does a bee/micro robot need per second of flight?

In my scifi setting small utility robot swarms are used for many purposes. I'm currently trying to estimate how much energy such a swarm would need to operate. Since biology, robotics and nanotechn...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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What type of planet where non-aerodynamic space launch vehicles are possible

What would be the approximate gravity, atmosphere etc. of a planet for a species to never make or use launch vehicles with rounded shapes like tapering cylinders, because they make use of the incre...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Bob Kerman‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Bob Kerman‭

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How can spacecraft manufactured on the moon be powered?

Background: The moon has been selected as the base for human space exploration. Rather than ship tonnes of material out of earth's gravity well, interplanetary spacecraft and space stations will be...

12 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by System‭

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What elements would be created in a star composed entirely of gold?

I'm working with the idea of creating a sun made out of pure gold. Of course, this would be completely man-made. Why would anyone want to do this? Because I want a cool concept like that in my stor...

8 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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If Mars contains coal, will it become a dominant source of energy?

In the year 2099 A.D, humans made a major discovery. There is a rich source of fossil fuel buried beneath layers of Martian soil. It is estimated that the coal deposit that was discovered could fil...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by user6760‭

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Can midcourse flip pose danger at relativistic speeds?

Consider an interstellar spaceship. It is a rather classical design, somewhat similar to the ISS Venture Star from Avatar: http://james-camerons-avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Interstellar_Vehicle_Venture...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by b.Lorenz‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by b.Lorenz‭

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Solving the biggest problem of relativistic interstellar spacecrafts

In FTL-free universes, interstellar travel is often done by vessels capable of continuous acceleration (the drives themselves are often magitech), which can use the effects of relativistic time dil...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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1g Acceleration Spaceship Design

In my story, a ship is built in orbit around Earth, designed for a 20-person scientific expedition to a planet 11.4 ly away. It will accelerate at 1g for half the distance, then flip around and acc...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Gilad M‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Gilad M‭

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What is the yield of a 1kg solid concrete transporter bomb?

I want to beam into solid concrete as a bomb. I have transporters and unlike Star Trek I'm not afraid to use them. Terrorists have taken the tech and have nasty plans for us. The bomb is 1 kg sphe...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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The moon will fall to earth in 100 years, how fast is the asteroid that knocked it down?

We have at most 100 years to abandon earth. The 10-km asteroid which killed the dinosaurs has hit the moon head-on instead. As a result, the moon has slowed down and it's orbit will decay by 400,00...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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Help cooling living H$_2$ fueled pulse jet engine

A squid-like organism uses gravity powered flight but relies on jet propulsion for launch, pouncing, and evasive tactics. It's aerodynamically based on the way a true squid flies however it has ev...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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What order of magnitude incoming asteroid could we, in fact, deflect?

We actually today have programs to keep an eye out for various rocks in space that may hit Earth. It's a common sci-fi trope that when one is on course to hit us, we deflect it. That's pretty muc...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Fattie‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Fattie‭

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If someone dropped a black hole into the Sun, when and how will we notice it?

Suppose someone dropped a black hole into our lovely Sun a few million years ago. It was big enough (far bigger than that) from the start to eat matter faster than radiating it away, and kept growi...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Alice‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Alice‭

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Punching someone and sending them flying at the speed of sound

How much force/energy is required to punch someone so hard that the person is sent flying at the speed of sound? Also, what can you compare the force/energy to? For example, is it comparable to a ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Hajhar‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Hajhar‭

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What's the limit of my rockets weight?

I want to launch the heaviest booster + spaceship possible in about 1.5 of earths gravity, using the technology we currently have. To make things easier, imagine there was the same atmosphere as on...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by justthisonequestion‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by justthisonequestion‭

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Walking across lava

What would it look like if a human (with the proper protection) walked across a lava stream? Assume that 'proper protection' means some way of insulating against the heat so that they don't get...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by subrunner‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by subrunner‭

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How to calculate the average temperature of the hemispheres of a planet tidally locked to its star?

I have a planet orbiting a red dwarf and, as expected, it is tidally locked to its star. I know that these planets will have a very significant temperature difference between the diurnal and noctur...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by URIZEN‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by URIZEN‭

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Asteroid thicket dogfight in Saturns rings

Sadly, the asteroid belt isn't the place to showoff your ace pilot skills. It is so sparse you wouldn't even see an asteroid most of the time if you flew through it. But Saturn's rings! The rings ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭

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How does a spacecraft attempt an intercept course with a hostile one realistically (Part II)?

Well, gentlemen. Here is Part II. We know what to do about the manoeuvre, but we need to know possible tactical options the two Task Groups would use. Background Now, as previously specified, we...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Future Historian‭

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How to "prove" a supernatural entity exists?

I know the innate contradiction present here: one cannot "prove" the supernatural exists, for a variety of reasons. But for the sake of argument I want you to consider this: A person is convinced...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by bsideswiped‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by bsideswiped‭

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Can a Planet's Electromagnetic Field Be Strong Enough for Wireless Electricity (Induction)?

Wikipedia states: "Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field." This one ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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How big can we make a telescope?

I've mentioned in earlier posts that it will be much cheaper to build immense space-based observatory instruments than to even come close to launching an interstellar expedition. There are several...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by JDługosz‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JDługosz‭

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Could a new planets plane be at a different degree as the other planets in our solar system?

I read this and wonder now, what if we would introduce a new planet to our solar system; would the force of gravitation demand a similar plane as that of the other planets? Mercuries 6.3° indica...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Backup Plan‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Backup Plan‭

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What metallic alloys would be used for weapons and armor in the XXI century knighthood games?

The year is 2035 and Channel 55-KYED decided on a new reality show. the XXI century knighthood games. It will be your basic renaissance faire re-enactment of medieval combat but since they are doi...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Mindwin‭

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Producing solar panels on Mars - what is minimal process required, and the mass to import it?

On Mars any initial colony will be power limited. Power sources can be brought from Earth, but any power generation capacity would reduce the mass available for other, more useful cargo. Alternat...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by user2702772‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by user2702772‭

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A drug that allows people to survive on less food

In this near-future setting, biotechnology is slightly more advanced than our own. Genetic engineering is cheap as well, but due to an ecological disaster the environment just doesn't have enough c...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by IndigoFenix‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by IndigoFenix‭

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When is the earliest in Earth history when Grade 5 Titanium alloy could be made, assuming one knows the formula and has the feedstock?

Bob the time traveler has a problem. He went to 75,000,000 BC to get some dinosaur eggs (don't ask) and his time machine re-combobulator broke and a big chunk is missing. Fortunately he can still ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Mindwin‭

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Could a planet be habitable due to illumination from the galactic core?

I recently saw this answers where it was suggested that the galactic core could illuminate a planet suffiently to make sure it is always summer on one side of the planet. This got me curious and af...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Effects of Explosive Decompression on the Human Body?

Many science fiction stories, movies, and shows involve characters undergoing explosive decompression, the technical term for a rapid drop in pressure, usually all the way to a vacuum. Frequently,...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Gryphon‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Gryphon‭

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Is there a reason that females passing on more than 1/2 of their genetics to the child would be unlikely to evolve?

On the earth today most animals use a two sex mating system where male and female provide the same amount of genetics to the resulting offspring, despite the fact that in many cases the female prov...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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What kind of "fog" could be harvested (and processed) for fuel?

In my setting, a permanent "fog" hangs over the ocean. It is thick, granting low visibility to anyone within it. Instead of water droplets, however, this fog would consist of some substance or comb...

6 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by fercley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by fercley‭

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A non-technological, repeating, phenomenon in the sky, holding its position in the sky for hours

Is this physically possible? A non-technological phenomenon visible in the same position of the sky, for 18 hours of a day using the other 6 to do whatever, rise and set, just be impossible to see...

13 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Malady‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Malady‭

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The Bering Land Bridge--Open For PERMANENT Business

This is the Bering Sea today... ...and this was the Bering Sea as recently as 25,000 years ago. Truth of the matter is, the Bering had been shifting back and forth from land to sea for 100 mi...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Stealth in Space: How realistic is it?

This has been considered other places on the net, but I thought it would be good for the hard-science challenge, since it is often an example of the subtle difference between soft and hard science....

16 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by PyRulez‭

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How to calculate time to reach fractions of the speed of light when accelerating at 1g

Currently writing a scifi novel and am trying to do the math to establish time frame of the lore. The main points are that in 2068 CE Earth sent a generation ship to colonize Proxima Centauri. They...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭

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Natural Armour and Weapons

In my fantasy world, the magic system pretty much makes metal armour and weapons obsolete. The magic system's specifics aren't important, just note that the magic system allows the users to 'penetr...

15 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Uncertainty‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Uncertainty‭

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Steam-powered organ

Today I visited a two hours long organ concert (man, it was amazing) and weird idea have popped up in my head: organ powered by steam instead of pressurized air. This also made me thinking that it ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭

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What gases could be present in a viable atmosphere for humans?

I'm working on a story involving humans looking for another habitable planet, and I have been scouring the net for days, finding lots of info on varying levels of oxygen and nitrogen, but none that...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by thelefthorse‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by thelefthorse‭

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Is this atmospheric composition breathable on a planet with 50% more surface pressure?

I've read all the related questions on here and as far as I can tell this should be breathable on my planet Liskuel, which has 1.5 bars of pressure. However, I'm really bad at maths and don't reall...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by MissMermaid‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by MissMermaid‭