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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Communication and Navigation for space flight on Europa

Considering the rather hostile radiation environment on Europa, what communication and navigation systems might be used with near-future manned spacecraft? What would the ranges and features of th...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Innovine‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Innovine‭

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Accelerating a massive spaceship

How much wattage would you need to accelerate a four petaton spaceship by 1g for a year? This should be about enough to reach near light speed, which is perfect for interstellar cruising, but I'm w...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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What's the fastest a genetically or technologically enhanced human could regenerate?

After watching this brilliant video by Shoddycast about Stimpaks in the Fallout universe: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CLY-FMxsb2U I started to wonder. Just how many of science fiction's most me...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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How big would a human have to be to have a full set of redundant organs?

I'm trying to design a realistic genetically engineered nanotech super-soldier with a full set of redundant organs. How much more interior volume and thus height/weight/muscle mass would a human bo...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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What would it look like inside an Alcubierre field?

For the purpose of this questions, let's assume my crew has solved all those nasty problems of survivability inside the field, not unleashing a devastating blast of particles at their destination, ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Clayton M.‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Clayton M.‭

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How long would a day be on two tidally locked earth sized habitable planets?

So for my story I want to have a binary planetary system, where both planets are about the size of earth and are habitable by human people. I'm also thinking that they will be tidally locked to eac...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by VioletRain‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by VioletRain‭

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Making doomsayers right - a moon(s), planet alignment that matters

Considering our topic challenge, and the fantastic eclipse last Sunday a question came to me. Could there be a stable (relatively speaking) planetary system where a(n) eclipse/alignment would actu...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by James‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by James‭

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How can I tell if an atmosphere is suitable for life as we know it?

I've seen a couple questions before (like this one and this one) that ask about the habitability of a planet, with a key part of that being if the atmosphere is survivable. It seems like we should ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Rob Watts‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Rob Watts‭

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Can you make arbitrary food out of yeast?

In his Robot Series, Isaac Asimov mentions "yeast substitutes" as a way of creating enough food to feed everybody in the Cities. It's also mentioned in Prelude to Foundation. Here's a few quotes fr...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by isanae‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by isanae‭

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Acceleration in space

Scenario: I have a generation ship moving between two star systems. Given that such a ship needs to have a completely self sufficient life cycle system to make it viable, ejecting mass continuously...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Rudhra‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Rudhra‭

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How many Sovjet Era transport planes would be required to transport 30'000 Rhinocerotidae to the southern US border unnoticed?

In a world similar to ours, a mad scientist is bent on preventing the ascendance of one certain individual over the rest of the people inhabiting the northern part of the continental America, also ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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How to "set" the lightsail?

Suppose a starship is being powered by a lasers beamed first from the departure star, and then from the destination which is a moving base. The ship is moving in the regime of 10"“30% of light spee...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by JDługosz‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by JDługosz‭

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Plausible Cure for N. fowleri

This is a rather nasty, if rare, brain-eating thermophilic amoeba which lives in warm waters in North America (and elsewhere?). It kills by infecting the brain via the olfactory nerve after it ente...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Adam Wykes‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Adam Wykes‭

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Would the Hawking radiation from a small black hole make a feasible propulsion source?

I was wondering if a small black hole would make a feasible/possible propulsion source, and if so, how. Pros Black holes release Hawking radiation, would should be easy to direct in a certain ...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by PyRulez‭

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What minerals can be used to make teeth?

Vertebrate tooth enamel is made from Hydroxylapatite, however this need not be the only material available that an alien species could use to make teeth or tooth-like structures. Given that an ide...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Monty Wild‭

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Tougher Alternative Than Granite

Anyone who has a well-versed background in geology will know that the rock of the continents is granite. It forms as lava cools down very slowly, creating large minerals and crystals that shield...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Is it possible to calculate the extent of a planet's polar ice caps?

If so, what's the equation (or series of equations) for this, and what variables do I need to take into account? EDIT: the planet in my setting is rather "chilly" (around 9.35 Celsius average) wit...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Alexader Ferguson‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Alexader Ferguson‭

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What more than sentience do you need from a species for its intelligence to be recognizable by humans?

It's becoming obvious from how could humans recognize another species as sentient / intelligent that recognizing another species' intelligence is very complicated. There are no universal tests, no ...

6 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Sheraff‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Sheraff‭

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How fast would our technological world shut down if most of us died?

In the event that MOST of the world population were wiped out in a plague / apocalypse that did not directly destroy infrastructure, just killed the people, how long would infrastructure like the p...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by RogerB‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by RogerB‭

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What would the industrial age be like without oil and coal?

Consider a civilization with the industrial age technologies. Oil and coal are rare (probably used up). All products produced by oil and coal are also nonexistent. The civilization has invented ele...

7 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by sorpaas‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by sorpaas‭

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A different artificial gravity: Ultradense material

Guests of this large space station enjoy Earth-like gravity (80-90% minimum). How? Well the space station is so massive it has its own gravity. The disk shaped "core" is made with ultradense mater...

6 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by SilverCookies‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by SilverCookies‭

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Can a main-sequence star with planets exist orbiting a magnetar?

Lets say you have an average-ish magnetar "” about 3 solar masses, with a magnetic field of 108 teslas (it's decayed a bit since it was born). Now lets say we have a solar system with a small-ish ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Shalvenay‭

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universe with infinite energy

In our universe infinite energy is not possible, at least given the known laws of physics. But in another universe what would allow for energy to be in the same amount as space? But how large i...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Charon‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Charon‭

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Logistics of manned Europa exploration?

It is 2057 and a manned mission to Europa has been comissioned in the prospect of further exploring the ecosystem and energy signatures of Europa. Unlike the implied unnmanned probe, this mission ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by InterstellarTK‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by InterstellarTK‭

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Would it be possible to make an inescapable planet?

To start with, i know You measure the Kardashev scale from stellar success, but lets say we have a civilization that are vastly advanced compared to us, so they are equivalent to a type 2 civilizat...

6 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Magic-Mouse‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Magic-Mouse‭

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Could there be an upside down hurricane on a gaseous super-Earth

I wrote a novel based on a human civilization that lives floating cities and dirigibles on a small, atmosphere-abundant super-Earth with a liquid water core (there's a smaller solid core under that...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Adam Wykes‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Adam Wykes‭

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Identifying viable settlement locations from orbit

This question discusses what you'd look at from space, but mostly focuses on how you could identify the weather. This question discusses what resources a colony would need, but doesn't discuss ho...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Jon Takagi‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Jon Takagi‭

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How Close Are These Two Planets?

I have two planets that are the exact same size and mass of Earth. They orbit each other, and have an orbital period of one day. How far apart are they? The planets both orbit a star the same as t...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭

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If I launched a nuclear pulse fission spacecraft to the specified destinations, what would be a good launch window and how long to arrive?

I ask because I have a problem trying to find an appropriate launch window around that time or any point in the mid-1980s, and I need to reach Jupiter via Hohmann transfer so I can then use a serie...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Future Historian‭

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What is the sack-to-ship ratio?

In the world I'm building, the day lasts 9 of their years. This means that they are almost always on the move, living in blimp-like cities and houses. I've been designing these and I am having trou...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Uncle Tres‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Uncle Tres‭

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How much electric charge are dermis cells able to contain?

I'd like to justify a lightning man in my world, and I have a theory that by some sort of magic, his cells in the dermis (middle layer of the skin - okay, for simplicity, don't count hair) are able...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Zoltán Schmidt‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Zoltán Schmidt‭

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What would the air on a planet look like if it had a mostly methane atmosphere?

This is an edit of a previous question. It has been edited so I can be more specific in my asking, as I'm still confused after looking at the answers to a similar question to my original. I have a...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Viddog‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Viddog‭

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What kind of environment would lead to dominantly yellow foliage?

I'm looking for various factors; Atmosphere Composition, Type of Sun, etc, whatever would work. That is, of course, if this is even likely/possible. I believe that yellow is generally not an ideal ...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Ria‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Ria‭

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Could there be a type of mass that moves in a direction perpendicular to its momentum?

Positive mass moves in the same direction as its momentum and if negative energy exists then it would move in the opposite direction from its momentum. I was thinking of a type of mass, known as "...

8 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Anders Gustafson‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Anders Gustafson‭

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How close would merging black holes have to be to feel gravitational waves?

Recently LIGO discovered gravitational waves caused by two black holes that were orbiting each other, and then collapsed into one black hole. A few months later, we find out that this actually happ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Cameron Payton‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Cameron Payton‭

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Could my moons-planet system be stable?

In my fictional world I have selected all parameters to maximize the Hills Sphere of my planet. The planet has three times Earth's mass and it is located in 2 AU from its star that's 1.4 times more...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by teorf‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by teorf‭

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If we separate the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and install a generator in Panama canal, how much electricity do we get?

Could one (and how much) generate electricity by building a wall connecting: South Africa to Antarctica South America to Antarctica Northern Canada to Northern Greenland Northern Greenland to Rus...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by mpme‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by mpme‭

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Kuehneosauridae and powered flight?

I have been looking at various animals that have evolved some level of aerial capability, and I came across Kuehneosauridae. Reptiles which evolved gliding struts, attached down their sides, which ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Myrdden Wyllt‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Myrdden Wyllt‭

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Airborne Hotels - Stabilizing and steering a Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere

Following on from this question: Can Cloud Nine be built? Let us assume we have constructed a Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere with a 2 kilometer diameter out of a durable material for use in Earth's ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by nmit026‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by nmit026‭

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Can you just wait out the heat death of the universe?

Okay, so the heat death of the universe is approaching. You can't stop it. You can't dodge it. What do you do? You wait it out. According to wikipedia, about $10^{{10}^{56}}$ years after the heat ...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by PyRulez‭

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Can we use the Sun as an interstellar signal lamp?

Earth, present time or very near future. Astronomers have just announced that it is believed that almost 9 billion habitable Earth-like planets exist in the Milky Way alone (this is true, but there...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Ieuan Stanley‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Ieuan Stanley‭

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How dark would an impact winter really be?

How dark would it be living in an impact winter? Where would an asteroid have to hit earth to cause an impact winter? gives a great breakdown of the effects of an impact winter, but I'd like to k...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by socrates‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by socrates‭

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What sorts (if any) of edible fungi (or other species) can survive lowlight conditions?

Basically, in the event of a blotting out of the sun á la an impact winter, what sort of food source (if any) could be used to sustain humanity? In my universe, underground/makeshift greenhouses ...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by socrates‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by socrates‭

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Impact Winter: light as a commodity

For those unfamiliar, An impact winter is a hypothesized period of prolonged cold weather due to the impact of a large asteroid or comet on the Earth's surface. (Wikipedia) In my world I want...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by socrates‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by socrates‭

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Can machines raise socially functioning people?

In this world a secret society "farms" people with desired features (personality appearances etc.). They have ectogenesis of course; but they can't afford personnel to take care of the "products" u...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by SilverCookies‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by SilverCookies‭

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Method to share genetics beyond traditional sexual reproduction

It seems that my ability to create interesting creatures is limited by the need for sexual reproduction, which is absurdly useful, but also rather limiting, method of sharing genetics. I acknowled...

9 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by dsollen‭

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Close Quarters Combat... In Space

A simple enough question, but one that Grimmsdottir and I agonized over. Basically, what would enable close-ranged fighting between space fleets/ships? We both agreed that having gargantuan ships ...

25 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Feaurie Vladskovitz‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Feaurie Vladskovitz‭

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Solar powered plane without batteries

Could an unmanned solar plane go not only above the clouds, but also so fast that it always is in the day-side of the planet? A solar plane flying above the clouds receives sunlight $12$ hours per...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Caridorc‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Caridorc‭

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What if the Moon gets a new big crater?

When I was observing the Moon yesterday, I asked myself: What would happen if a meteoroid impacted the Moon on the more clear part of the Moon which we can see, leaving a crater of the size like t...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Zaibis‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Zaibis‭

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73 Gigatonnes of TNT upon collision could cause how many casualties?

So, after going through a some rough calculations, I figured my earlier question ran into a few problems regarding the final velocity of the asteroid. I pulled the mathematics a bit incorrect, so I...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Future Historian‭