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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Can a sounds frequency stun?

This is in reference to Could an organism have evolved to kill its prey by shouting at it? However, most answers here speak towards the brute force side of the equation, measure by it's decibel le...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Twelfth‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Twelfth‭

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Powering a starship with solar cells

For a while now I've been building a science fiction world and I've been thinking what would be a feasible way to power a large ship capable of interstellar travel. I've always disliked the idea on...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by System‭

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Would the sudden creation of a super-suit cause noticeable wind?

Using my world changing invention and my massive intellect I have created the perfect defensive tool for myself and any minions valued friends I deem might need one. The tool is a super suit that ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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A planet ringed by stars

Suppose there was a ternary system where the stars are effectively identical in mass, luminosity, radius, etc. These three stars circle a central point rather than two orbiting a larger third. At t...

3 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Frostfyre‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Frostfyre‭

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Design a non-computerized biometric door

Nowdays we have biometric doors that can scan your eye, palm, fingerprint, ear, etc, etc... But all of them rely on electronic readers and computers to match the sample against the stored pattern....

19 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Mindwin‭

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Racing Around the Edge of a Black Hole

I am trying to understand the physics of an interstellar race. Say two ships are racing past a black hole as if it were a corner on a race track. One of the ships takes a hard line and comes very ...

3 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by John Watmuff‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by John Watmuff‭

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Spatial dimensions with non-equivalent dimensional eigenvalues

Our universe is described as having three physical dimensions, plus one time dimension, where the eigenvalues for the physical dimensions are all the same, but the eigenvalue for time is opposite (...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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Can this food give off enough energy to melt metal?

I'm currently writing a story, but however I'm having trouble with one part. The hero is faced with a situation where he has to create a fire strong enough melt 5 kg of copper, and he only has a ma...

4 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by notificationsquad‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by notificationsquad‭

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Nuclear rockets and EMPs

Nuclear rockets, or as I like to think of them, "half way between a continuous small atomic explosion and reactor whose front fell off". There are many variants, and my aliens are using relative si...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by BenRW‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by BenRW‭

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Virtual particles as propellant

I've read that even in a "perfect" vacuum, matter exists in the form of virtual particles that spontaneously pop into existence only to be immediately annihilated. This suggests to me that it might...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Adam‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Adam‭

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Creating a realistic world(s) map - planetary systems

Once the geography of the world is designed, it needs a planetary system to inhabit. But how should that solar system look? The only constraint is that the system needs the new world to be placed i...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Samuel‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Samuel‭

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Attenuation of a laser in space?

Given that a laser beam is made up of coherent light waves running in parallel in the same direction, and that space is not a complete vacuum (dust, radiation, electromagnetic forces etc.), what ki...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Smoj‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Smoj‭

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e=0. What Does That Mean for the Seasons?

Currently, Earth's eccentricity (orbital shape) is 0.0167086. Zero is a perfect circle whereas One is parabolic escape orbit and any greater becomes a hyperbola. And in the theory of the Milankov...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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How long would would it take algae to spread through the sea

Our intrepid interstellar crew arrive in a new solar system. The find a planet in the Goldilocks zone. However the planet has no life, but is otherwise earth like*. The atmosphere is 80% nitrogen, ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by DarcyThomas‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by DarcyThomas‭

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How structurally strong would an object need to be to survive a trip through an ergosphere?

Let us assume we have a Kerr metric (rotating) black hole of 10 Sol-masses, spinning at 300 revs/s (as measured by a rest frame observer). What yield strength (assume that yield strength is limiti...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Shalvenay‭

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How would water behave on a planet with no moons?

My novel is set on a planet covered in 90% water with no moons. How would the lack of natural satellites effect the waves and wind?

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Twinkle the cat‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Twinkle the cat‭

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As we increase the size and mass of a world, at what point does it become impossible for a rocket to achieve an orbit or escape velocity?

Many authors describe worlds with higher gravity than our own, from whence super-muscular aliens originate. However, as we increased the size, mass and surface gravity of a world; there would be p...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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How big can the Parachute cities be?

Nobody knows where the big Blue is. Some people say it's a dream. Some people say it's the space between the worlds, where all the things that fall through the cracks end up. The occasional rains o...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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In The Event One Wants a Gas Titan in His Worldbuilding Story

In recent years, we have discovered exoplanets that defy our traditional perspectives on how planets work. WASP-17b is twice as wide as Jupiter, yet half as massive, probably because of its orbita...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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What technology can create water on an airless, desert planet?

Planet has these characteristics: Half of the planet is always on day, and other half is always night (it rotates at the same velocity as its orbit) There are no underground water sources; it's a...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Malkev‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Malkev‭

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Is there any way we could "see" smells?

I was thinking about making up a visor like Batman has in the Arkham series, where he "analyzes" a sample and then he can set a filter on his visor for particles of that compound. Something like a...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by John Hamilton‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by John Hamilton‭

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What would the composition of an "indestructible" material be?

I'm currently working on a Sci-Fi setting for my friends to use in a campaign (my friend is GM but he's too lazy to come up with a setting so I offered to do it), I've already worked out the minor ...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by AnAspiringAuthor‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by AnAspiringAuthor‭

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How to make a flying human

We are in a future where genetics has advanced to a point where arbitrary modifications can be done to living beings. Now a geneticist wants to make a flying human. That is, he wants to modify a hu...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by celtschk‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by celtschk‭

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What factors influence a moon's reflectiveness?

I know that moon composition and atmosphere (if it exists) will influence how reflective a moon is, but I was hoping for a fairly exhaustive list of materials that moons are actually made of, how r...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Geminirand‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Geminirand‭

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How much energy does it take to fuse 1m$^3$ of seawater, and how much energy is released by that fusion?

So, assume that you have 1m$^3$ of normal Terran seawater you can adiabatically raise to an arbitrarily high pressure/temperature in situ (say, by compressing it with nuclear shockwaves from all di...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Shalvenay‭

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How big would a fusion reactor need to be to produce a constant triple digit terawattage?

And how much fuel would you need to carry? I'm trying to determine what kind of engine you'd need to accelerate a good-size spacecraft (thousands to millions of tons) at a constant 1g in a race acr...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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How many humans would there need to be for almost every body to have a doppelganger?

There are a number of stories about persons with exact look alikes. In general this seems to be a rather rare phenomenon. But if you assume more and more humans it should become also more likely ...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by bdecaf‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by bdecaf‭

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Realism of Solid light?

In the game Portal, there are glowing light platforms. These platforms are (supposedly) made of solid, compressed light. How can these realistically be made?

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by dsfisher‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by dsfisher‭

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How large can a volcano be?

A key part of the plot in a story I'm working on revolves around the main region being on top of volcano that is set to erupt. The trouble is that the region in question in my setting is roughly th...

10 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by HDE 226868‭

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How to alter the atmosphere as to make aerospace engines highly volatile?

When thinking about a potential answer to this question about preventing flight in a cyberpunk dystopia, I had an idea that I do no possess sufficient knowledge to prove/disprove.  Thus you'll be t...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Calculating G-Force and Velocity

Simplifying a larger problem. Building a sci-fi text game and I don't want the science to be too wrong. Imagine I have two points in space which are 111,125 kilometers apart and it takes 17 minut...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Curtis Poe‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Curtis Poe‭

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How to create a realistic, Earth-like exoplanet?

Well, I ask the question because apparently I am going to aim for NaNoWriMo. I am calculating the density of a planet with 1.8 Earth masses and 0.9 Earth radii, but last I checked, the calculation...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Future Historian‭

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Could a carbon/silicon/oxygen planet exist?

I'm exploring various kinds of potentially habitable planets as part of a universe-building exercise, and have recently delved into the fascinating concept of carbon-rich planets. My question is mu...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Schafer‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Schafer‭

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Is an interstellar clock orbitally possible?

A Kardashev Type III civilisation has need of a long-scale timepiece, and as such has arranged a series of planets around a black hole such that their orbital periods can be used to tell the time i...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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A localized artificial magnetosphere for Mars

Mars has a couple of problems with regards to colonization such as lack of atmosphere, lack of magnetosphere, weak sunlight, and a few others. Of concern in this question is how to shield human col...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Green‭

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What would the average UV-Index of New York City be, if the ozone layer was completely depleted?

If the ozone layer of planet Earth was completely depleted (to near-zero concentrations), what would the average summer UV-index rise to in New York City? If relevant, other changes anticipated ar...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Michael Eric Oberlin‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Michael Eric Oberlin‭

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How would gravity work in this alternate universe?

In my universe, gravity varies with the inverse of the distance (instead of the inverse square of the distance). I already know that this means that all circular orbits around the same object will ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Jarred Allen‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Jarred Allen‭

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Is an alien race like the Zerg from Starcraft feasible?

A good summary of the Zerg race is given on wikipedia as follows: The Zerg are a collective consciousness of a variety of different races assimilated into the Zerg genome. The Zerg were origina...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Notaras‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Notaras‭

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Every now and again God puts us on pause. Can we detect this?

Imagine that God has many universes to deal with or just needs a break sometimes. He has a pause control. What plausible mechanism does God use to perform the pause without breaking the laws of ph...

12 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by chasly from UK‭

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How cold can a planet actually get?

The coldest place in the universe that we have observed is in the Boomerang Nebula. Similarly to a refrigerator, heat is carried away through a fluid, resulting in a space colder than the surroundi...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Zxyrra‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Zxyrra‭

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How similar to earth could a planet which experiences a permanent day be?

I want to play with the idea of a sapient species evolving on a world where at least part of the world experiences a permanent day. The obvious way to doing this would be where part of the world f...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by dsollen‭

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Preserving the dead

Suppose there is a culture on earth that sees dead bodies as holy items and letting them decompose is a sin. I have seen many examples of mummies preserved so well that they almost look like their ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by totally not rick sanchez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by totally not rick sanchez‭

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Post apocalyptic science based story

This story takes place in our world around the year 2116. Global warming couldn't be avoided and a runnaway effect suddenlty started increasing temperatures much faster than experts predicted. Ov...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Fred‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Fred‭

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Antimatter Storage

Is it possible to contain similarly charged particles in a magnetic field or traps, in generally large scale (say, all of them have positive charge), and could be utilized as power reserves quite e...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Hendrik Lie‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Hendrik Lie‭

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Starbuilding: What is lacking in the logic behind Cosmos 2 star system generation algorithm?

Preamble The Alternity Cosmos II is a complement to a dice role-playing game that uses heuristics based on hard-science to 'build' plausible star systems for the Alternity game: http://www.altern...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Oxy‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Oxy‭

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Could we seed Earth's atmosphere with hydrogen?

Suppose the chemical reaction: $$3CO_2+2H_2\rightarrow 2H_2O+2O_2+3C$$ This reaction could be used to filter out $CO_2$ from the atmosphere, slowing down or reversing climate change. The solar syst...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Feyre‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Feyre‭

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How wide would my cylinder be to allow air 500m below water surface?

I'd like my (very well funded) group of scientists to conduct an important excavation, in-situ with fully breathable air and comfort. I realize a pipe down to the surface would require a pump and ...

7 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Mikey‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Mikey‭

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Designing a binary asteroid pair

I am interested in building a little world involving a very realistic asteroid pair, orbiting each other, and would really appreciate some help with numbers and science for this. I would like two l...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Innovine‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Innovine‭

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Moons of Moons of Moons

My question is simple: How many nested moons are physically possible? If our moon had a moon, that would be a nesting of 1. I'm assuming it's easily possible for a really big moon to be orbiting ...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Varrick‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Varrick‭

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Is Game of Thrones realistic: food supplies during extended winters in medieval England

In Lyman Stone's fantastic blog post about George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, Stone mentions that the seasonal cycle of Westeros is very unrealistic. Here's the truth: Medieva...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by System‭