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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Could a planet's Karman line hypothetically occur under a liquid surface?

The Karman Line is one of the most commonly-used definitions of the "edge of space". As an airplane flies higher in the atmosphere, the air gets thinner and thus the lift decreases. This can be c...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by DrSheldon‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by DrSheldon‭

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How can I make this religion believing in "creating time traveling gods through science" believable?

I want to popularize the following or a similar belief. In many thousand years people will travel back in time to give us an afterlife, if we make it possible, by going the steps, that will lea...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Philipp Wettmann‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Philipp Wettmann‭

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How to generate powerful cyclonic storms in an ocean basin

I have a region on a planet with identical parameters to Earth but different landmasses that is rather similar to the southern ocean on Earth. There is a single piece of land around the size of th...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Antarctica07‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Antarctica07‭

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If Earth's Moon Were Ganymede-Like, Part I: Rotation

I know that in the past I posted questions on if specific bodies larger than the moon--Mars in one and Titan in another--but this series deals with questions regarding Earth's effects by a natural ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Good approximative function to extrapolate weight of scaled clothing

Motivation The Square-Cube law is usually cited where questions of scale arise. Actually applying it to real-world objects quickly shows that it is completely unusable to approximate weight differ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Zsar‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Zsar‭

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Big moon, small planet - can an earth sized moon orbit a moon sized planet?

I know that objects with lower mass tends to orbit objects with higher mass, is it possible to have a Moon sized planet who's mass is so heavy that an Earth sized planet orbit it as it's Moon in a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by cypher‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by cypher‭

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How much electromagnetic transmission noise does Earth have to emit to be noticeable?

From time to time I'll see things talking about how thanks to all of our radio communications, we're effectively broadcasting our existence to the entire universe. However, when I did some back-of-...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Rob Watts‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Rob Watts‭

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If Earth's Core had ALL Of the Heavy Metals

Back home, Earth had gone through an impact-coalesce cycle only once. Since then, its core has been 84% iron, 6% nickel and the rest being labeled by The Encyclopedia of Earth: A Complete Visual ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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What would be an actual real life mechanisms of an accelerated healing factor?

I'm writing a rough sketch for a book about a world where people sorta violently and suddenly get barely working superpowers. That is every time each person uses their power they run the risk of ki...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Shotgun ‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Shotgun ‭

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Could I use a series of magnetic asteroids to create a magnetic field for mars?

If I push a couple of magnetic asteroids into mars gravitational field, could they form an interlocking series of magnetic fields able to protect mars from solar winds? Size limits for asteroids ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Clay Deitas‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Clay Deitas‭

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How large does a human's plastron need to be?

I'm referring to an entomological plastron which is a structure that traps a bubble of air next to the insect's body but permits contact between the air and the water. As the insect consumes oxygen...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Mike Nichols‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Astronomy in a universe with two "straight" dimensions plus a highly curved dimension

So for lack of a better term (I'm sure there is a better term) imagine a universe without curvature as being like a sheet of paper. You have left, right, forwards, backwards, up, and down. Now take...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by tox123‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by tox123‭

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Would planets be cubic in my "cuboverse"?

Summary The main idea behind the "cuboverse" is that spacetime distances are measured by (something close to) the sup norm or infinity norm. Under this norm, spheres (the set of points at a fixed ...

10 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by pregunton‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by pregunton‭

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Can Lenz's Law Allow a Simple Block of Metal to Divert a Charged Electron Beam?

I was curious about an odd effect I first saw in video here: YouTube : Copper's Surprising Reaction to Strong Magnets In the video, a big heavy magnet is brought to an abrupt halt by a simple piec...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by James McLellan‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by James McLellan‭

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What would the biochemistry of a vacuum dwelling creature look like?

I'm playing around with a story idea that includes vacuum dwelling intelligent life, but I'm not sure I understand the constraints of biochemistry I need to deal with. There's lots of potential s...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Morris The Cat‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Morris The Cat‭

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A self-eclipsing orbital ring

A common, matter-efficient science-fiction habitat is a hollow cylinder or ring in space that is spun to simulate the pull of gravity on its interior surface. These habitats have been imagined as s...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Mike Nichols‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Mike Nichols‭

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What would Alien Talking Heads sound like?

We know from the International Pronunciation Alphabet (IPA) and the research that gave us the IPA, what sounds typically used in human speech (certainly not all sounds that can be made). This is al...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Green‭

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Sea/Air fighters using current/near future tech?

The Setting I'm doing background work on a story involving a civilization about as advanced as ours materiologically. A significant part of their military operates along the continental shelf zone...

8 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Gio‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Gio‭

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Limits of energy generation in mixing animal and plant by-products or storage

In the question of a biological cannon How would a Biological Cannon work? , one option was to use biological by-products for chemical propulsion of the cannon ball. It might have also been propel...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by asylumax‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by asylumax‭

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What are the conditions of an Earth-like, water-ball planet?

I'd like to explore some details on a so-called water-ball planet (i.e. a planet in the habitable zone of a sun, covered by a 100 km deep ocean). I am particularly interested where life could devel...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by jk - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by jk - Reinstate Monica‭

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The Tree of Youth

There exists a single solitary tree at the mouth of a small river. This tree is basically a fountain of youth, granting immortality to anyone who eats it's grapefruit-sized fruits. As you can ima...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Acumen Simulator‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Acumen Simulator‭

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How would I calculate how much of Venus would be covered in water if 8.8E16 m^3 was added to its surface?

If $8.8 \times 10^{16} m^3$ of water volume is added to the surface of Venus, how would I calculate how much of Venus would be covered in water? The land of Venus has its topographical features wi...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Hendrik Lie‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Hendrik Lie‭

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How would characters find out they were living in a rotating habitat with only medieval tech?

Three natives who study their version of science on the surface of a large rotating habitat located in a cylindrical shape in the space between our solar system and Alpha Centauri, are trying to fi...

9 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Sean Mignosa‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Sean Mignosa‭

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What near-future propulsion system(s) could be employed by my spaceships?

In a near future setting I am working on, humans have built space-habitats and have established colonies on celestial objects such as Luna. Their spaceships cannot go faster-than-light and have the...

7 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Relativistic effects on brains encoded in light

I am trying to build a hard science-fiction world where the interstellar travel might work like this: Travellers bodies are scanned and all relevant information regarding body structure, neural c...

6 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by strNOcat‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by strNOcat‭

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Lethal Low Pressure Fronts

On a giant 50 mile high volcano, created and sustained by magic, there is extreme weather. Storms, high winds, snow, everything you'd find at the flanks of exceedingly high mountain. Explorers have...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Green‭

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Planet with an inactive and connected lithosphere?

As you know, Earth has active and moving techtonic plates known as the lithosphere. They float on the asthenosphere and slowly move about. Here's my question: Can a planet with a hot molten core h...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Rangoon‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Rangoon‭

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Is it possible to augment the human body's muscles or nerves to simulate weight and force?

Decades in the future, people have been able to augment their own sensory inputs in their brains and nerves to feel, see, taste and touch things that are not really there. Also, they can modify the...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭

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Is using thermal energy an effective method to powering an implanted tracking device?

So in this world somewhere in distant future. The government has created I.D Chips that are designed to be biologically implanted into its own citizens. To ensure extra "security" and also act as a...

10 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭

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Plausible biological alternative for normal photosynthesis

People have been trying to imagine elaborate alien biologically possible ecosystems for a while. A lot of people seem to both want but ignore one of those fundamental aspects of our own ecosystem, ...

5 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by anon‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by anon‭

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Could Using Technology to monitor the thoughts of a human mind be possible?

I had this one idea of having the government create chips that monitor the thoughts of prison inmates as a way of preventing future crimes. At the same time still, give them a degree of freedom and...

5 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭

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No More Looking from the Same Side of a Mostly Liquid Surface Terrestrial-based Moon

Section 1: Non-Duplicate Proofs. Section 2: Background, THE QUESTION, and Useful Info. Section 3: Other cited ways of preventing. Section 4: Sources and Additional Resources. Section 5: TL;D...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by LanceLercher‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by LanceLercher‭

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Need help / advice building a habitable body for a book

Information and Context I'm working on a story, based 220 or so years in the future in a hard-science universe (where a quantum jump drive has been invented). I was wondering if anyone could giv...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Ballistic Porpoise‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Ballistic Porpoise‭

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Would it be possible to have a small black hole dissipate as it 'sinks' into the earth?

I recently watched this Kurzgesagt video exploring the question of what would happen if you had a black hole the size of a coin. To summarize the video: A black hole with the MASS of a coin wo...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Harrenhal‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Harrenhal‭

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How will a dust storm affect infrared sensors such as thermal imaging?

The situation: the good guys are attempting to infiltrate an enemy base, and cause mayhem either in person and/or by planting explosives and running away. They know there is a big dust storm on the...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by DrBob‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DrBob‭

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Space elevator into a blackhole. Possible?

Inspired by Spaceship orbiting a black hole under the event horizon - a prison where no one escapes, I was wondering if it is possible to make a space elevator that goes down into a black hole. In...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by PyRulez‭

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Is it realistic to "salt the earth" in a kingdom/around a city?

I have a story in which a King, knowing his kingdom will fall, would like to have a scorched earth policy. The King would order all residents to begin salting the earth to ensure nothing there can ...

5 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Thatguypat‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Thatguypat‭

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Can I use a trebuchet to launch satellites into space from a lunar colony?

I've got a lunar colony that struggles to obtain resources, so they're looking for ways to launch satellites into orbit without using up a bunch of rocket fuel. One plucky engineer has suggested ...

7 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Dubukay‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Dubukay‭

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Deep Space Communication Infrastructure

What kind of technology would be required for a space travelling civilization to have an effective communication system or network that is similar in speed to the telegram? How would it work? This ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by System‭

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Could I have an earth-like planet from which sun and moon would never be simultaneously visible?

On earth there can be hours where the moon is up during the same time the sun is in the sky (daytime moon) due to the combined rotation of earth and orbit of the moon. I would like to have an earth...

7 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by DerGreif‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by DerGreif‭

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How would the US re-conquer a Moon Base?

The year is 2030. The US has set up a moon base with about 2,000 people. The base can theoretically survive indefinitely, growing its own food and 3D-printing supplies, but in practice it needs t...

6 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Bert Haddad‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Bert Haddad‭

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How much liquid hydrogen to stop neutron radiation?

I have a spaceship that's powered by an efficient hydrogen fusion drive, but the drive outputs a large amount of dangerous neutron radiation as a side effect, and those neutrons are not captured an...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by TPK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by TPK‭

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Azidoazide Azide Storage and Weaponization

AA (azidoazide azide) is a hyper-explosive 14 nitrogen molecule. My questions are: what are some theoretical ways to store it so it doesn't explode on you but on the enemy you throw it at, and what...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Amoeba‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Amoeba‭

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Replacing Jupiter with a brown dwarf?

This is a purely hypothetical question but I can't find a satisfactory answer to it. Let's say somehow Jupiter collects enough mass to be considered a brown dwarf. Let's assume Jupiter achieves a...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by tempestwing0101‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by tempestwing0101‭

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How would people conceivably escape a planet too large for chemical rockets?

I was reading this article from NASA about chemical rockets and they argue that, with a planet 50% larger than the Earth (assuming similar density, about 1.5G surface gravity), it would be impossib...

11 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Jarred Allen‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Jarred Allen‭

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In a world without aging, how do we age?

EDIT: As it turns out the method I had thought of using to combat aging doesn't work the way I expected. As such I have rethought this question in more vague terms. New Question: Using current hyp...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Douglas‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Douglas‭

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The Great Deoxygenation Event

Assume an Earth-like or super-Earth terrestrial planet in a state comparable to Precambrian or Archaen Earth. The atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide, perhaps some methane, but very li...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by rek‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by rek‭

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What if a traversable wormhole hits the earth?

So, I the question of what if a black hole hits the earth has been asked to death by various people, but what if the somewhat tamer wormhole hits the Earth? In particular, we'll say that one mouth...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by PyRulez‭

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Fire Hazard of Human Domed Cities on Planet with Methane CO2 Atmosphere?

I'm working on a sci-fi book, and a chapter I'm currently on is about a guerilla attack on a human city on the planet. The outer atmosphere is mostly CO$_2$ and methane. The aliens breathe methane...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by JTriptych‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by JTriptych‭

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How can a civilization survive proton decay?

In a very distant future people have survived by slowing the metabolism to extremely long timescales, reducing the energy consumption per time. It is causing thought processes and movements to be e...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by Zeick‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Zeick‭