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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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The scientific description of time-asymmetric retro-causality?

Doing research into my time braking world I was referred to Split Second by Douglas E. Richards. It turns out he conceived of the exact same machine that I did, however he handled the paradoxes dif...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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1g Acceleration Spaceship Design

In my story, a ship is built in orbit around Earth, designed for a 20-person scientific expedition to a planet 11.4 ly away. It will accelerate at 1g for half the distance, then flip around and acc...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Gilad M‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Gilad M‭

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What is the highest theoretical escape velocity a 2 billion metric ton vehicle can achieve using a >20$^{\circ}$ gravitational slingshot?

I want to send a flying saucer (a $\frac{1}{10}$ scale Independence Day City Destroyer - calculated as a sphere cap 112m high with 1.2km segment radius, $\rho$ about 43.3kg/m3) away from the sun as...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Solving the biggest problem of relativistic interstellar spacecrafts

In FTL-free universes, interstellar travel is often done by vessels capable of continuous acceleration (the drives themselves are often magitech), which can use the effects of relativistic time dil...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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What type of planet where non-aerodynamic space launch vehicles are possible

What would be the approximate gravity, atmosphere etc. of a planet for a species to never make or use launch vehicles with rounded shapes like tapering cylinders, because they make use of the incre...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭

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Would an antimatter bullet fired from a sniper rifle even reach its target?

Let's say our villain fires an antimatter rifle from behind a magnetic field over a km from the target. The bullet is traveling over 1000 meters per second. If it reaches its target, the 13 gram bu...

9 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by SurpriseDog‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by SurpriseDog‭

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How much energy does a bee/micro robot need per second of flight?

In my scifi setting small utility robot swarms are used for many purposes. I'm currently trying to estimate how much energy such a swarm would need to operate. Since biology, robotics and nanotechn...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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How to build a Nuclear Pistol?

I came across the design of a nuclear pistol from a deviantart artist, shown here: I want to know if this can actually be built. My additions: The "egg" needs not be uranium, which has a huge ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭

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How can a person Insulate copper wire in a medieval world?

Time traveler here, stranded in the year of 1019 AD, medieval ages. Location: europe. While I can still access and post on web forums because my temporal transmitter has a 1Ky range, I have a broke...

20 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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What is the yield of a 1kg solid concrete transporter bomb?

I want to beam into solid concrete as a bomb. I have transporters and unlike Star Trek I'm not afraid to use them. Terrorists have taken the tech and have nasty plans for us. The bomb is 1 kg sphe...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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What kind of star will work for my system?

After what feels like forever and after asking several questions (like this, this and this), I believe I may have decided upon a suitable orbital system for my world: $M_{S}=2.272\;571\;144\;5 \...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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What is the difference between a pulsed particle weapon and a beam particle weapon?

I'm considering adding a particle based weapon within my setting. It would be used in atmosphere and utilise [electrons] (http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/sidearmenergy.php#id--Particl...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Seraphim‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Seraphim‭

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Neodymium magnets as nanoparticles bonded with atmospheric amide to create a magnetic 'air curtain'?

Amide bonds are extremely stable and their half-life for hydrolysis in neutral aqueous solution is estimated to be seven years. Amides bind to metal ions through the carbonyl oxygen. Neodymium Mag...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by System‭

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How can an Earth-like moon meet these angular diameter conditions?

NOTE: If there is anything about this question that needs clarification or editing, please don't hesitate to let me know in the comments. Get ready, because you're in for quite a ride. I have t...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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What would it take to make a scientific second equal exactly one traditional second?

A scientist is resetting the clock on his microwave one day as he considers the hopelessness of keeping the time exactly right. Not for the reasons we worry about like power outages and daylight s...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭

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Could the Breakthrough Starshot probes be detected in their taget system by modern or near-future technology?

The Breakthrough Starshot is a method of robotic interstellar exploration by launching thousands of small centimeter-sized probes, each equipped with a 4 x 4 meter light-sail. Thanks to their small...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by vsz‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vsz‭

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Is there a safe but weird distance from black hole merger?

I wish to create a world such that it can support the following plot point: the world experiences gravitational waves that are directly noticeable to the human population (i.e. they can feel or see...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by SO failed us all... Bye...‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by SO failed us all... Bye...‭

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The cure for all bacteria-caused diseases

Which minimal order of magnitude is required to simulate single cells and microorganisms in cyberspace? In an utopian future, people will be possibly able to rapidly design new cures, be their rea...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by J. Doe‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by J. Doe‭

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Two Structures Adrift In Space

There are 2 planet sized structures that are artificially made with no means of propulsion. Each structure has the approximate mass of Earth but are hollow inside. The inside area is where the peop...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user70903‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user70903‭

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Can two moons have intersecting orbits yet be guaranteed not to collide?

Working on a D&D campaign. As a physics nerd, I'd like the orbital mechanics of the planet, its sun, and its moons, to follow standard Newtonian/Keplerian mechanics. I'm trying to come up wit...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Frank Harris‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Frank Harris‭

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How would a "zombie fungus" work on humans?

Short question: which hormones should high contagious fungi spores produce to make their human host spread the joy and infection (by hugging and kisses) on early stages of infection, and become p...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by vodolaz095‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vodolaz095‭

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Can transistors be made in the stone age? (Spoiler: Dr.Stone)

WARNING: This post contains some spoilers for the anime/manga Dr.Stone. As I'm watching Dr.Stone, I see Senku and the gang trying to make vacuum tubes for their circuits. The vacuum tube is an anc...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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Producing solar panels on Mars - what is minimal process required, and the mass to import it?

On Mars any initial colony will be power limited. Power sources can be brought from Earth, but any power generation capacity would reduce the mass available for other, more useful cargo. Alternat...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user2702772‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user2702772‭

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Rogue Planet Illuminated by Galactic Centre

The black hole question reminded me of an idea I wanted to implement at some point in a space campaign, but didn't go forward with because I was unsure whether it's merely statistically very implau...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vicky_molokh‭

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Requirements for melting snow from orbit using EM radiation

My (your) goal is to melt several tons of snow and ice in a small area using electromagnetic radiation beamed down from a spacecraft in orbit. The atmosphere that's in the way is vaguely Earth-like...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭

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Is this atmospheric composition breathable on a planet with 50% more surface pressure?

I've read all the related questions on here and as far as I can tell this should be breathable on my planet Liskuel, which has 1.5 bars of pressure. However, I'm really bad at maths and don't reall...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by MissMermaid‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by MissMermaid‭

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What gases could be present in a viable atmosphere for humans?

I'm working on a story involving humans looking for another habitable planet, and I have been scouring the net for days, finding lots of info on varying levels of oxygen and nitrogen, but none that...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by thelefthorse‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by thelefthorse‭

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Steam-powered organ

Today I visited a two hours long organ concert (man, it was amazing) and weird idea have popped up in my head: organ powered by steam instead of pressurized air. This also made me thinking that it ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭

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How to calculate time to reach fractions of the speed of light when accelerating at 1g

Currently writing a scifi novel and am trying to do the math to establish time frame of the lore. The main points are that in 2068 CE Earth sent a generation ship to colonize Proxima Centauri. They...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭

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What kind of "fog" could be harvested (and processed) for fuel?

In my setting, a permanent "fog" hangs over the ocean. It is thick, granting low visibility to anyone within it. Instead of water droplets, however, this fog would consist of some substance or comb...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by fercley‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by fercley‭

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Is there a reason that females passing on more than 1/2 of their genetics to the child would be unlikely to evolve?

On the earth today most animals use a two sex mating system where male and female provide the same amount of genetics to the resulting offspring, despite the fact that in many cases the female prov...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by dsollen‭

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Could a planet be habitable due to illumination from the galactic core?

I recently saw this answers where it was suggested that the galactic core could illuminate a planet suffiently to make sure it is always summer on one side of the planet. This got me curious and af...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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When is the earliest in Earth history when Grade 5 Titanium alloy could be made, assuming one knows the formula and has the feedstock?

Bob the time traveler has a problem. He went to 75,000,000 BC to get some dinosaur eggs (don't ask) and his time machine re-combobulator broke and a big chunk is missing. Fortunately he can still ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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A drug that allows people to survive on less food

In this near-future setting, biotechnology is slightly more advanced than our own. Genetic engineering is cheap as well, but due to an ecological disaster the environment just doesn't have enough c...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by IndigoFenix‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by IndigoFenix‭

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What metallic alloys would be used for weapons and armor in the XXI century knighthood games?

The year is 2035 and Channel 55-KYED decided on a new reality show. the XXI century knighthood games. It will be your basic renaissance faire re-enactment of medieval combat but since they are doi...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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Help cooling living H$_2$ fueled pulse jet engine

A squid-like organism uses gravity powered flight but relies on jet propulsion for launch, pouncing, and evasive tactics. It's aerodynamically based on the way a true squid flies however it has ev...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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Could a new planets plane be at a different degree as the other planets in our solar system?

I read this and wonder now, what if we would introduce a new planet to our solar system; would the force of gravitation demand a similar plane as that of the other planets? Mercuries 6.3° indica...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Backup Plan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Backup Plan‭

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Can a Planet's Electromagnetic Field Be Strong Enough for Wireless Electricity (Induction)?

Wikipedia states: "Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field." This one ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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Is it now possible to undetectably cross the Arctic Ocean on ski/kayak?

Consider current level technology - surveillance satellites, patrol boats, coastal guards, both USA and Russian anti-submarine jet aircraft patrolling skies of Arctic Sea. I have a big group (~100...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by vodolaz095‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vodolaz095‭

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Asteroid thicket dogfight in Saturns rings

Sadly, the asteroid belt isn't the place to showoff your ace pilot skills. It is so sparse you wouldn't even see an asteroid most of the time if you flew through it. But Saturn's rings! The rings ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭

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Walking across lava

What would it look like if a human (with the proper protection) walked across a lava stream? Assume that 'proper protection' means some way of insulating against the heat so that they don't get...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by subrunner‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by subrunner‭

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What's the limit of my rockets weight?

I want to launch the heaviest booster + spaceship possible in about 1.5 of earths gravity, using the technology we currently have. To make things easier, imagine there was the same atmosphere as on...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭

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Can an Unstable Ternary Star System Last Several Hundred Years?

After reading the following question, I know that there are not that many solutions to the 3-body problem, and I know that a ternary system is unstable. The 3 stars all orbit each other in a rotati...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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If someone dropped a black hole into the Sun, when and how will we notice it?

Suppose someone dropped a black hole into our lovely Sun a few million years ago. It was big enough (far bigger than that) from the start to eat matter faster than radiating it away, and kept growi...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Alice‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Alice‭

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What order of magnitude incoming asteroid could we, in fact, deflect?

We actually today have programs to keep an eye out for various rocks in space that may hit Earth. It's a common sci-fi trope that when one is on course to hit us, we deflect it. That's pretty muc...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Fattie‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Fattie‭

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How would a rail gun affect the trajectory of a spacecraft?

What sort of force would a railgun need to produce to have a measurable affect on the trajectory of a large spacecraft? In the scifi book I am working on the primary craft of the story is a milita...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭

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Is it possible to build a black hole (kugelblitz) gun?

Assume that space warfare is dominated by gamma and x-ray lasers (Wakefield-Plasma and Free Electron Lasers) capable of killing targets several light-seconds away. Stealth in space is possible due ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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How close can a ship get to Sagittarius A?

Assuming that the only fancy available technology is FTL drives (to get there) plus anything needed to protect and sustain a crew during the journey from Earth to Sagittarius A (whether it takes a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Sava‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Sava‭

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Would one atom of antimatter be lethal if annihilated inside the brain?

I am dealing with a dystopian story that tries to come up with some kind of total surveillence or control from higher authorities. The authorities threaten to kill those who disobey them by simply...

6 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Sebastian‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Sebastian‭

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How much energy did it take for God to part the Red Sea?

EDIT Why this is a world-building query. If I had framed this as, "In my world where magic requires the expenditure of energy, a powerful wizard decides to open a path through a large lake,etc. Th...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭