Is there a safe but weird distance from black hole merger?
I wish to create a world such that it can support the following plot point: the world experiences gravitational waves that are directly noticeable to the human population (i.e. they can feel or see the effects themselves without instruments) without being so strong that everything gets spaghettified.
The most obvious way to arrange this seems to be to have a pair of black holes undergo a merger at a suitable distance: not so close that everything gets ripped apart, and not so far away that the gravitational waves have become un-noticeably weak.
My question has 2 parts but they are directly related so it wouldn't make sense to split this into 2 separate questions:
(a) assuming a pair of 30 solar mass black holes as detected the other year by LIGO, what distance from the event would provide gravitational waves of the weird but not deadly strength that I need; and
(b) at such a distance from the event, would you be safe from other consequences of the black hole merger, or would something else such as the intensity of high energy particle emissions kill you anyway?
I'm open to any kind of habitat for my world, it could be a planet or a deep space habitat or generation ship or whatever. If the gravitational waves would rule out particular kinds of world then I'd be keen to hear why (e.g. maybe waves strong enough to be noticeable to humans would shatter a planet but a space habitat might be small enough to survive). In my story I may make limited use of unobtainium for interstellar travel, but I want the physical effects of the black hole to be as hard science as possible.
If a black hole merger is out of the question as too dangerous, I'd be happy to receive reality-check level suggestions of alternative events that could safely create the kind of noticeable gravitational wave I want.
This post was sourced from https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/162264. It is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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I think I can now answer my own question, having come across some decent references I hadn't found before asking it. I found the equation for the gravitational strain $h$ - the proportional change in length of an object due to gravitational waves from a mass $M$:
$$h \approx {{GM} \over c^2} \times {1 \over r} \times {v^2 \over c^2}$$
The first term is of the order of the size of the black hole, or about 45 km for a 30 solar mass ($M_{\odot}$) black hole. Near collision the black holes move close to the speed of light so the last term is $\approx 1$. Then the strain falls off as $1 \over r$, so even if you could sense a brief stretching of 1 part in 10,000 (about 0.2 mm along the length of your body) you would need to be 450,000 km (about 1.9 times the average distance between Earth and the Moon) from two 30 $M_{\odot}$ black holes orbiting each other at near light speed.
My takeaway is really just how weak gravitational waves are for the amount of energy that goes into them (for the LIGO 60 $M_{\odot}$ collision about 3 $M_{\odot}$ was converted from mass energy into gravitational waves). For an object orbiting 60 $M_{\odot}$ at that distance the orbital period would be 11.2 minutes. The gravitational tidal acceleration across a body of length d is given by: $$a={{2 G M d} \over {r^3}}$$ which works out as 5.8 micronewtons, so the astronauts would be safe from spaghettification at a range where they could experience noticeable but not intrinsically fatal gravitational waves. At that distance I guess it's still highly likely radiation from accreting matter would be fatal, so my scenario would rely on the black hole pair being located in an almost perfect void, which leads to other questions (how did they end up in such a perfect void, how did the characters end up at just such a perfect distance from them?)
(Edited to remove erroneous statement about centripetal acceleration.)
This post was sourced from https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/a/162269. It is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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