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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Modelling a monstrous transformation - generalized logistic function fitting.

I'm spitballing a story where the main character goes through a monstrous transformation. Part of the conceit / my enjoyment is that she's an oncology researcher and will be tracking the transform...

0 answers  ·  posted 10mo ago by pureferret ‭  ·  edited 8mo ago by trichoplax‭

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Electricity from nuclear decay

Can electricity be generated directly from nuclear decay? It occurred to me that in alpha decay two protons fly off rapidly, leaving their associated electrons behind. If the alpha particle was ca...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by chris-barry‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by James McLellan‭

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Producing hydrocarbons by electrolysis

When water is electrolysed with graphite electrodes some of the oxygen reacts immediately with the anode to produce carbon dioxide. Does a similar reaction ever occur at the cathode, producing meth...

0 answers  ·  posted 1y ago by chris-barry‭

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Nuclear energy storage

Could nuclear energy be a basis for energy storage with foreseeable technology? One approach would be to use excited nuclear states, but I suspect they would be too unstable to ever be useful. Al...

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by chris-barry‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by Olin Lathrop‭

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Do plants need ambient oxygen?

Do {any, some, all} {unicellular, multicellular} plants require free oxygen? For example, would a cabbage asphyxiate over night, or even in daylight, in an oxygen-free atmosphere?

1 answer  ·  posted 1y ago by chris-barry‭  ·  last activity 1y ago by trichoplax‭

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Difference between 'AWPP' and standard quantum physics

Quantum Computers are considered a more powerful type of computer than so called 'classical' computers. While a typical classical computer could be considered as a black box that can solve Polynomi...

0 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Mithrandir24601‭

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Alternative evolution mechanisms using cell fusion

I am trying to understand if it would be possible for organisms to evolve by different means other than random mutations and natural selection. Eukaryotes were predicted to be formed by fusion with...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by LDR‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by LDR‭

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How small and fast can a bullet go in atmosphere?

In many sci fi universes that don't have handheld energy weapons, they instead use solid projectiles that either go big (Warhammer 40k) or really small (Mass Effect). The former I have a pretty go...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Seraphim‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Seraphim‭

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What are the most likely effects of a human(oid) shape moving at Mach 50 to the surrounding environment?

For the purposes of my story, seen here someone who went through a similar procedure involving parallel dimensions (see here), becomes nearly indestructible , invulnerable to damage related to exce...

0 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by ProjectApex‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by ProjectApex‭

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What good are herbivores in an animal army?

This is a multi-species animal army with predators of all shapes and sixes, foxes, lions, bears, tigers, leopards, wolves, lynx, eagles, falcons and so on. The herbivores have been excluded from t...

1 answer  ·  posted 3y ago by Green‭

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How to determine surface temperatures at specific points

I have a planet around 11242 km in diameter. It is very similar to Mars, with most surface water trapped at the poles. For this, I want the polar temperature below 0 C, but the equatorial temperatu...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by System‭

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How fast can my humanoid run?

The fluff: I have a humanoid who's about to breach a door. He's got some upgrades to his body and can pump some stimulants through it to boost his strength, resiliance and speed to ridiculous prop...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Demigan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Demigan‭

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See more colors?

Normally, the human retina contains four types of light-sensitive receptors: three types of cones and one type of rods. The receptor proteins contain the chromo "” iodopsin in the sticks, the rhodo...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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Shooting through the earth

Due to reasons of magic an alien god that is about to takeover the earth in one year and can only be stopped by being shot through the entire earth. Assuming modern day Earth (no magic other then ...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by cypher‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by cypher‭

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Air resistance speed limits on a broomstick

I'm working on a tabletop roleplaying game about witches. I have most of the mechanics of broomsticks worked out, but I'm having trouble deciding on top speeds. Speed limits are not a result of how...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by pyrrhicPachyderm‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by pyrrhicPachyderm‭

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Feasibility of a bone exoskeleton

First time posting here but I would like to get some help with an issue I have. I have a planet that has 30% more gravity than earth. I have terrestrial animals with an exoskeleton, they stand at ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Pesterjest‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Pesterjest‭

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Can transistors be made in the stone age? (Spoiler: Dr.Stone)

WARNING: This post contains some spoilers for the anime/manga Dr.Stone. As I'm watching Dr.Stone, I see Senku and the gang trying to make vacuum tubes for their circuits. The vacuum tube is an anc...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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Flare star vs electrical grid

My planet is tidally locked, airless, and has no magnetosphere. It's located close to a flare star (5% solar mass, 11 Gyr old), and is in it's habitable zone. The strongest flare ever detected on E...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by David‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by David‭

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What would it take to build a ship capable of crossing the Pacific? [duplicate]

In my story, I have a small extended family of 30 to 40 individuals ranging in age from 0 to 50 who are on the run from Chinese and Japanese forces in 1400AD. No place in Asia is safe for them. By...

0 answers  ·  posted 3y ago by Green‭  ·  closed as duplicate 3y ago by Canina‭

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Reality Check: Space Gulag

How realistic is the concept of a space gulag? So let's say you want another option outside of a stern talking too, a fine, confining to quarters, demeaning tasks, VR "re-education," beating the s...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭

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Flying commercial airliners with ground power?

A thought occurred to me, and I wondered if it could be made practical... This video talks about the possibility of electrical battery powered planes, and in short, while it may be practical to bu...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by FlyingLemmingSoup‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by FlyingLemmingSoup‭

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what are the signs and effects of two realities combined into one reality

I have posted a similar question where I asked how can two realities mix into one reality in which I received many helpful comments. I realise I should've expanded on the details I posted, so I wil...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Morrigan loftwyth‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Morrigan loftwyth‭

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Relentless Super marathon?

Humans are not the fastest mammals on the planet, but for very long distances (more than 40 kilometers) we can overtake any species living on land. Except some dogs. The best runners on ultra-long...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by System‭

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Popping "vacuum bubbles" loudness

Stun-wizards specialize in blinding and deafening opponents at a distance. To do so, they can exert their magical power to manifest a spherical region of vacuum by essentially "telekinetically" pus...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Dragongeek‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Dragongeek‭

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What is required for advanced lungs to filter dangerous chemicals (so to speak, to carry out the detoxification process) and then use oxygen?

What is required for advanced lungs to filter dangerous chemicals (so to speak, to carry out the detoxification process) and then use oxygen? (It is advisable to take into account the above record,...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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What type of planet where non-aerodynamic space launch vehicles are possible

What would be the approximate gravity, atmosphere etc. of a planet for a species to never make or use launch vehicles with rounded shapes like tapering cylinders, because they make use of the incre...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭

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Superhuman reaction speed (dodging bullets )?

My question is: I need to improve the muscle fibers and nervous system of my genetically modified human so that it has dexterity and physical responses 4 to 10 times faster than the average human.Â...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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What is the Feasibility of a Cloud Colony on Saturn?

I did some research recently for a story on the physical feasibility of some aspects of living in the Saturn cloud deck, and wanted to share it. Please, however, if you have alternate approaches,...

0 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by James McLellan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by James McLellan‭

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Could a new planets plane be at a different degree as the other planets in our solar system?

I read this and wonder now, what if we would introduce a new planet to our solar system; would the force of gravitation demand a similar plane as that of the other planets? Mercuries 6.3° indica...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Backup Plan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Backup Plan‭

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A drug that allows people to survive on less food

In this near-future setting, biotechnology is slightly more advanced than our own. Genetic engineering is cheap as well, but due to an ecological disaster the environment just doesn't have enough c...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by IndigoFenix‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by IndigoFenix‭

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What would one experience travelling through an invisible Krasnikov tube, and how much could they be used to cut travel times?

Effectively what the title says; What would different observers experience while travelling through / seeing one travel through the tube, and how could they be used to cut travel times? (Just answe...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by MrKred‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by wizzwizz4‭

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The Properties of Flaming Fire Magic

Magical fire is often depicted as flames. To get fire and flames the right mixture of oxygen, fuel and heat is needed. Assuming that the magic only provides the heat, there are only two chemical re...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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I can't seem to find correct starbuilding equations that work together anywhere and am generally confused. Which ones do you use?

So far I've been using Artifexian's How To Build A Star YouTube video. The problem with this video is that it's quite old and thus outdated. The things I've noticed to be particularly weird are the...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by LonelyCryptid‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by LonelyCryptid‭

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How does one calculate the diameter of a 'space fountain'?

I need to know how wide the diameter of a space fountain's* particle stream is in relation to the mass it's trying to support. It would have to lift its mass at least 40000 kilometers. The vacuum...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭

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How would dragons mate, according to science?

No, this is not not about courtship displays or dominance figths. (even thought I know that that is also part of mating) This is more of "What their genitalia would look like" and how they would "...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by jsjsjzjdnsjsn‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by jsjsjzjdnsjsn‭

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Producing solar panels on Mars - what is minimal process required, and the mass to import it?

On Mars any initial colony will be power limited. Power sources can be brought from Earth, but any power generation capacity would reduce the mass available for other, more useful cargo. Alternat...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user2702772‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user2702772‭

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Asteroid thicket dogfight in Saturns rings

Sadly, the asteroid belt isn't the place to showoff your ace pilot skills. It is so sparse you wouldn't even see an asteroid most of the time if you flew through it. But Saturn's rings! The rings ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭

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Could a prosimian conveniently evolve sapience?

Prosimians on average are not as intelligent as their simian counter parts with the notable exception being lemurs which live in semi large groups. what I want to know is could a group of prosimian...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by icewar1908‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by icewar1908‭

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What is the highest theoretical escape velocity a 2 billion metric ton vehicle can achieve using a >20$^{\circ}$ gravitational slingshot?

I want to send a flying saucer (a $\frac{1}{10}$ scale Independence Day City Destroyer - calculated as a sphere cap 112m high with 1.2km segment radius, $\rho$ about 43.3kg/m3) away from the sun as...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Is this a plausible interstellar propulsion system?

Interstellar travel is hard and complicated, yet I want to have a plausible interstellar propulsion system for my setting. Rockets are out because of the rocket equation and the horrible top speeds...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Two Structures Adrift In Space

There are 2 planet sized structures that are artificially made with no means of propulsion. Each structure has the approximate mass of Earth but are hollow inside. The inside area is where the peop...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user70903‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user70903‭

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Calculating average sea-level air pressure

Right now I'm currently trying to calculate the average surface pressure at sea level of an atmosphere, but I'm having a struggle finding the relevant formulae with which to determine this number. ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Lev‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Lev‭

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How to build a Nuclear Pistol?

I came across the design of a nuclear pistol from a deviantart artist, shown here: I want to know if this can actually be built. My additions: The "egg" needs not be uranium, which has a huge ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭

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Santa's new delivery service: a... cannon?

Let's say Santa got himself a new toy: a present delivery cannon. With this new cannon, he wants to deliver presents to children by shooting their presents from the cannon into their chimneys. Let'...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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How long will it be until the cosmic microwave background is undetectable?

I've had a number of interesting conversations with people about how the cosmic microwave background (CMB) will evolve in the future. The CMB is the sea of photons left over from the epoch of recom...

0 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Would it ever be theoretically possible for future humans to prevent the sun from increasing in luminosity to the point of killing all life?

I am currently brainstorming a hard (like the hardest possible; everything that occurs in the story must at least be theoretically possible) sci-fi story which will take place far in the future. I ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Darien Springer‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Darien Springer‭

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How can a person Insulate copper wire in a medieval world?

Time traveler here, stranded in the year of 1019 AD, medieval ages. Location: europe. While I can still access and post on web forums because my temporal transmitter has a 1Ky range, I have a broke...

20 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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The creation of Superman? (Bone fracture)

This question asks for hard science. All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this req...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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What is the yield of a 1kg solid concrete transporter bomb?

I want to beam into solid concrete as a bomb. I have transporters and unlike Star Trek I'm not afraid to use them. Terrorists have taken the tech and have nasty plans for us. The bomb is 1 kg sphe...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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What would it take to make a scientific second equal exactly one traditional second?

A scientist is resetting the clock on his microwave one day as he considers the hopelessness of keeping the time exactly right. Not for the reasons we worry about like power outages and daylight s...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭