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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Kuehneosauridae and powered flight?

I have been looking at various animals that have evolved some level of aerial capability, and I came across Kuehneosauridae. Reptiles which evolved gliding struts, attached down their sides, which ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Myrdden Wyllt‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Myrdden Wyllt‭

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How big can the Parachute cities be?

Nobody knows where the big Blue is. Some people say it's a dream. Some people say it's the space between the worlds, where all the things that fall through the cracks end up. The occasional rains o...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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How far could a planet be from its star and still be kept habitable by intense greenhouse gases?

Epimetheus is a planet with about three times the mass of Earth orbiting a sun-like star in the Andromeda galaxy. However, two major factors separate Epimetheus from Earth. First, it has a thick at...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by ckersch‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by ckersch‭

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Feasibility of conventional life evolving an a sub-zero climate

My basic question is could life 'as we know it' (carbon DNA/RNA based, using water as the main solvent in metabolic processes) evolve on a planet where the temperature ranges from 16 degrees Celsiu...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Vera F W C‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Vera F W C‭

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How quickly can I form a mountain chain?

I'm designing a world, and I want it to have major geological changes over a short period of time. This includes continental drift, which I'm assuming should have some interesting results. In parti...

4 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Seventh Tiger‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Seventh Tiger‭

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How Close Are These Two Planets?

I have two planets that are the exact same size and mass of Earth. They orbit each other, and have an orbital period of one day. How far apart are they? The planets both orbit a star the same as t...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭

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Can machines raise socially functioning people?

In this world a secret society "farms" people with desired features (personality appearances etc.). They have ectogenesis of course; but they can't afford personnel to take care of the "products" u...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by SilverCookies‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by SilverCookies‭

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What kind of protection system could be used against railguns?

What kind of system using modern technology would be able to counter a railgun projectile on a vehicle (both land and sea)? Would a think slab of angled armour in the shape of "<" work to cover ...

6 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by SMS von der Tann‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by SMS von der Tann‭

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Given a billion dollars, build the most visible orbiting satellite possible

As per the title, given A billion ($10^9$) dollars. Present day technology. A year of time (including making projects and testing), (preferred, not compulsory) No restriction about maximal nor mi...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Caridorc‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Caridorc‭

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How close would merging black holes have to be to feel gravitational waves?

Recently LIGO discovered gravitational waves caused by two black holes that were orbiting each other, and then collapsed into one black hole. A few months later, we find out that this actually happ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Cameron Payton‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Cameron Payton‭

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Could you "create" a fertilized human foetus without sperm?

Arising from the comments in This Question, which started to stray offtopic into the question of whether men are needed at all. In Short: Could you create a fertilized human (necessarily female) f...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Ieuan Stanley‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Ieuan Stanley‭

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How much Sulfur Dioxide is needed to freeze life on earth?

This is inspired by What single element could destroy the world?. Injecting sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere has been proposed as a mechanism to relieve the symptoms of global warming by creatin...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by browly‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by browly‭

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Can a main-sequence star with planets exist orbiting a magnetar?

Lets say you have an average-ish magnetar "” about 3 solar masses, with a magnetic field of 108 teslas (it's decayed a bit since it was born). Now lets say we have a solar system with a small-ish ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Shalvenay‭

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Can this planetary system remain stable?

Before we begin, this system is created by aliens, and all orbits are on the same plane. These orbits are similar to earth's in shape. So, none of this has to occur naturally it just has to be stab...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭

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How many Sovjet Era transport planes would be required to transport 30'000 Rhinocerotidae to the southern US border unnoticed?

In a world similar to ours, a mad scientist is bent on preventing the ascendance of one certain individual over the rest of the people inhabiting the northern part of the continental America, also ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Is this an appropriate manned interstellar mission profile?

My idea was to use 2 stages for an interstellar spacecraft (particularly the Orion Drive) and use it in a way similar to Project: Daedalus. Phase 1 would involve accelerating to cruising speed foll...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Future Historian‭

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Attenuation of a laser in space?

Given that a laser beam is made up of coherent light waves running in parallel in the same direction, and that space is not a complete vacuum (dust, radiation, electromagnetic forces etc.), what ki...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Smoj‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Smoj‭

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Recipe For the 300-Mile Wide Crater

66 million years ago, a space bomb ten kilometers, or six miles, wide raced through the atmosphere at 20 kilometers per second and landed on the Gulf of Mexico at an angle of 90 degrees. The resul...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Solar powered plane without batteries

Could an unmanned solar plane go not only above the clouds, but also so fast that it always is in the day-side of the planet? A solar plane flying above the clouds receives sunlight $12$ hours per...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Caridorc‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Caridorc‭

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Does an arbitrary constant burn path between two orbiting bodies exist?

I have an engine with unlimited $\Delta v$. Don't ask how I got it, it's probably one of my earth changing inventions. Either way: I no longer like Earth and want to get off (I'm headed for a reti...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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Super human physics: Iceman blocking bullets

In many movies we see super heroes creating walls of ice to block explosions and bullets. How realistic is this? In the Incredibles Frozone shoots ice at a police officer just before he shoots a ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by sdrawkcabdear‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by sdrawkcabdear‭

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Is an interstellar clock orbitally possible?

A Kardashev Type III civilisation has need of a long-scale timepiece, and as such has arranged a series of planets around a black hole such that their orbital periods can be used to tell the time i...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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How to build a tank equipped with a 1 GJ railgun

Not a tank that could survive being shot with a 1 GJ railgun (pretty sure nothing can survive that), but a tank that can withstand the recoil of a 1 GJ railgun that's been mounted to it. Obviousl...

8 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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How dark would an impact winter really be?

How dark would it be living in an impact winter? Where would an asteroid have to hit earth to cause an impact winter? gives a great breakdown of the effects of an impact winter, but I'd like to k...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by socrates‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by socrates‭

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Runaway Starship Ramps

This question is partially a spinoff of some points that came up in another recent question at Worldbuilding about interstellar space travel. Runaway Truck Ramps I live in Colorado, and on the do...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by ohwilleke‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by ohwilleke‭

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How to "prove" a supernatural entity exists?

I know the innate contradiction present here: one cannot "prove" the supernatural exists, for a variety of reasons. But for the sake of argument I want you to consider this: A person is convinced...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by bsideswiped‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by bsideswiped‭

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How long would a day be on two tidally locked earth sized habitable planets?

So for my story I want to have a binary planetary system, where both planets are about the size of earth and are habitable by human people. I'm also thinking that they will be tidally locked to eac...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by VioletRain‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by VioletRain‭

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What kind of human music do badger-folk like?

Okay, so now that we've established that the badger folk (or Melinae sapien, if you want to be politically correct) are trading their ore to the humans for cat food. Now we need to determine what ...

6 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by PyRulez‭

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What would a space elevator on the moon be made out of?

Okay, so some space miners fly into space to get Helium-3, and then fly it back to earth to sell to non-space people. Flying into and off the earth is rather expensive, so they want to simply take ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by PyRulez‭

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Why not build a space elevator starting from the moon?

Anchor one end of the cable to the side of the moon that faces the earth. Drop the other end of the cable to earth so that it drags along the ground. The earth's gravity and friction contributes a ...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Lorry Laurence mcLarry‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Lorry Laurence mcLarry‭

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Is Game of Thrones realistic: food supplies during extended winters in medieval England

In Lyman Stone's fantastic blog post about George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, Stone mentions that the seasonal cycle of Westeros is very unrealistic. Here's the truth: Medieva...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by System‭

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Smallest possible habitable planet? (also taking density into account)

I have seen a few similar questions but none seem to take the density of a planet into account. I'm creating a planet on which several small civilisations develop. The planet needs to have a few bi...

8 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by System‭

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Cloth-eating creature wants to eat synthetic textiles. How?

Based on this question and answer about a human sized creature that lives completely on textiles, how feasible is it for a creature to consume nylon and polyester to derive fats/lipids useful for b...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Green‭

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How would a population react to an AI made for the purpose of statewide surveillance using current tech?

Setting The US is waging a failing War on Drugs where cartels are quickly gaining power. Scenario In the near future, say 2030, with current technology, the Texas state government is implementin...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Carlos Danger‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Carlos Danger‭

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If I launched a nuclear pulse fission spacecraft to the specified destinations, what would be a good launch window and how long to arrive?

I ask because I have a problem trying to find an appropriate launch window around that time or any point in the mid-1980s, and I need to reach Jupiter via Hohmann transfer so I can then use a serie...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Future Historian‭

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Could there be an upside down hurricane on a gaseous super-Earth

I wrote a novel based on a human civilization that lives floating cities and dirigibles on a small, atmosphere-abundant super-Earth with a liquid water core (there's a smaller solid core under that...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Adam Wykes‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Adam Wykes‭

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Can you add a mini moon to Earth?

So we have had multiple questions on having multiple moons and this is another. I did check and didn't find questions that covered this specific setup. I have an earth-like world I am working on, ...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by James‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by James‭

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How similar to earth could a planet which experiences a permanent day be?

I want to play with the idea of a sapient species evolving on a world where at least part of the world experiences a permanent day. The obvious way to doing this would be where part of the world f...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by dsollen‭

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Moons of Moons of Moons

My question is simple: How many nested moons are physically possible? If our moon had a moon, that would be a nesting of 1. I'm assuming it's easily possible for a really big moon to be orbiting ...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Varrick‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Varrick‭

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Designing a binary asteroid pair

I am interested in building a little world involving a very realistic asteroid pair, orbiting each other, and would really appreciate some help with numbers and science for this. I would like two l...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Innovine‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Innovine‭

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Personal fart power - is it viable?

It's the future and oil resources have run out. A scientist has suggested using personal fart power to meet our individual power needs. World governments are seriously considering this. They have ...

7 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by chasly from UK‭

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If we separate the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and install a generator in Panama canal, how much electricity do we get?

Could one (and how much) generate electricity by building a wall connecting: South Africa to Antarctica South America to Antarctica Northern Canada to Northern Greenland Northern Greenland to Rus...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by mpme‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by mpme‭

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Hot rods into space!

Based on this question about an impossible barbell planet, how hot would the bar be if it extended from halfway in the Earth's mantle to an altitude of 2r of Earth's radius? The diameter of the bar...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Green‭

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Stealth in Space: How realistic is it?

This has been considered other places on the net, but I thought it would be good for the hard-science challenge, since it is often an example of the subtle difference between soft and hard science....

16 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by PyRulez‭

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TotalRewind™ (brain chip)

In 2015 we can rewind the TV, our CCTV footage and, if we wear an action cam, our latest adventure. However if we walk down the street and something happens we didn't quite catch, the annoying fact...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  edited 4y ago by Canina‭

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As we increase the size and mass of a world, at what point does it become impossible for a rocket to achieve an orbit or escape velocity?

Many authors describe worlds with higher gravity than our own, from whence super-muscular aliens originate. However, as we increased the size, mass and surface gravity of a world; there would be p...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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The Babbage Probe

I'm currently exploring a setting where humans have managed to create traversable wormholes with one critical flaw - something in the wormhole both kills multi-cellular life and destroys electronic...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Scott Downey‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Scott Downey‭

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At what distance from these planets should this moon be placed?

I have two earth clones, in essence, separated by 16550 miles (26350 kilometers). They are, of course, tidally locked, and orbit each other once every 24 hours. These planets orbit a sun identical ...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Xandar The Zenon‭

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What would it look like inside an Alcubierre field?

For the purpose of this questions, let's assume my crew has solved all those nasty problems of survivability inside the field, not unleashing a devastating blast of particles at their destination, ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Clayton M.‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Clayton M.‭

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Can I use my earth-changing invention to hide in orbit?

I've built a device, it's capable of turning matter to energy and energy to matter with perfect efficiency, I've got the resources to build a space station in secrecy, and I want to get off the pla...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭