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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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What's the limit of my rockets weight?

I want to launch the heaviest booster + spaceship possible in about 1.5 of earths gravity, using the technology we currently have. To make things easier, imagine there was the same atmosphere as on...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭

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Walking across lava

What would it look like if a human (with the proper protection) walked across a lava stream? Assume that 'proper protection' means some way of insulating against the heat so that they don't get...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by subrunner‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by subrunner‭

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How to calculate the average temperature of the hemispheres of a planet tidally locked to its star?

I have a planet orbiting a red dwarf and, as expected, it is tidally locked to its star. I know that these planets will have a very significant temperature difference between the diurnal and noctur...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by URIZEN‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by URIZEN‭

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Asteroid thicket dogfight in Saturns rings

Sadly, the asteroid belt isn't the place to showoff your ace pilot skills. It is so sparse you wouldn't even see an asteroid most of the time if you flew through it. But Saturn's rings! The rings ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Kevin Kostlan‭

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Is it now possible to undetectably cross the Arctic Ocean on ski/kayak?

Consider current level technology - surveillance satellites, patrol boats, coastal guards, both USA and Russian anti-submarine jet aircraft patrolling skies of Arctic Sea. I have a big group (~100...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by vodolaz095‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vodolaz095‭

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Can a Planet's Electromagnetic Field Be Strong Enough for Wireless Electricity (Induction)?

Wikipedia states: "Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field." This one ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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Could a new planets plane be at a different degree as the other planets in our solar system?

I read this and wonder now, what if we would introduce a new planet to our solar system; would the force of gravitation demand a similar plane as that of the other planets? Mercuries 6.3° indica...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Backup Plan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Backup Plan‭

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How to calculate atmospheric circulation cells

Does anyone know an equation or something along those lines for calculating how many and the locations of atmospheric circulation cells for a planet? Also, does the planet's radius and atmospheric...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Aezyc‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Aezyc‭

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Producing solar panels on Mars - what is minimal process required, and the mass to import it?

On Mars any initial colony will be power limited. Power sources can be brought from Earth, but any power generation capacity would reduce the mass available for other, more useful cargo. Alternat...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user2702772‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user2702772‭

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What metallic alloys would be used for weapons and armor in the XXI century knighthood games?

The year is 2035 and Channel 55-KYED decided on a new reality show. the XXI century knighthood games. It will be your basic renaissance faire re-enactment of medieval combat but since they are doi...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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A drug that allows people to survive on less food

In this near-future setting, biotechnology is slightly more advanced than our own. Genetic engineering is cheap as well, but due to an ecological disaster the environment just doesn't have enough c...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by IndigoFenix‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by IndigoFenix‭

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When is the earliest in Earth history when Grade 5 Titanium alloy could be made, assuming one knows the formula and has the feedstock?

Bob the time traveler has a problem. He went to 75,000,000 BC to get some dinosaur eggs (don't ask) and his time machine re-combobulator broke and a big chunk is missing. Fortunately he can still ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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Could a planet be habitable due to illumination from the galactic core?

I recently saw this answers where it was suggested that the galactic core could illuminate a planet suffiently to make sure it is always summer on one side of the planet. This got me curious and af...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Is there a reason that females passing on more than 1/2 of their genetics to the child would be unlikely to evolve?

On the earth today most animals use a two sex mating system where male and female provide the same amount of genetics to the resulting offspring, despite the fact that in many cases the female prov...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by dsollen‭

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What kind of "fog" could be harvested (and processed) for fuel?

In my setting, a permanent "fog" hangs over the ocean. It is thick, granting low visibility to anyone within it. Instead of water droplets, however, this fog would consist of some substance or comb...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by fercley‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by fercley‭

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How to calculate time to reach fractions of the speed of light when accelerating at 1g

Currently writing a scifi novel and am trying to do the math to establish time frame of the lore. The main points are that in 2068 CE Earth sent a generation ship to colonize Proxima Centauri. They...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭

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Steam-powered organ

Today I visited a two hours long organ concert (man, it was amazing) and weird idea have popped up in my head: organ powered by steam instead of pressurized air. This also made me thinking that it ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭

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What gases could be present in a viable atmosphere for humans?

I'm working on a story involving humans looking for another habitable planet, and I have been scouring the net for days, finding lots of info on varying levels of oxygen and nitrogen, but none that...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by thelefthorse‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by thelefthorse‭

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Is this atmospheric composition breathable on a planet with 50% more surface pressure?

I've read all the related questions on here and as far as I can tell this should be breathable on my planet Liskuel, which has 1.5 bars of pressure. However, I'm really bad at maths and don't reall...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by MissMermaid‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by MissMermaid‭

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Requirements for melting snow from orbit using EM radiation

My (your) goal is to melt several tons of snow and ice in a small area using electromagnetic radiation beamed down from a spacecraft in orbit. The atmosphere that's in the way is vaguely Earth-like...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭

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Can early astronomers determine the gravity of their planet's "moon" without ever going there?

As I was thinking about space flight for my world, I thought about how they would need to know a planet's gravitational force before they could land, and found that humans figured out the moon's gr...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Foosic17‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Foosic17‭

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Rogue Planet Illuminated by Galactic Centre

The black hole question reminded me of an idea I wanted to implement at some point in a space campaign, but didn't go forward with because I was unsure whether it's merely statistically very implau...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭

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How would a rail gun affect the trajectory of a spacecraft?

What sort of force would a railgun need to produce to have a measurable affect on the trajectory of a large spacecraft? In the scifi book I am working on the primary craft of the story is a milita...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭

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What's the largest an Earth-like planet can be and support Earth's biosphere?

For certain reasons I decided to not set my story on Earth. However, the planet is meant to host an Earth-like biosphere (including humans, most of Earth's species (perhaps some that didn't evolve ...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Tobi Alafin‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Tobi Alafin‭

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A universe without light?

In the story Wang's Carpets (and part of the novel Diaspora), Greg Egan sketchily describes a high-dimensional universe which contains no analog for light, such that the aliens who inhabit this uni...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭

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What is the theoretical maximum number of habitable planets in one solar system?

In the DC comic book universe, the Vega System is a solar system around the star Vega (Alpha Lyrae), which is depicted as having dozens of habitable planets. While it seems to be an implausibly lar...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by nick012000‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by nick012000‭

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How Efficient Could Anaerobic Megafauna Be?

Obviously, if available, atmospheric oxygen is a great source of energy. However, I'm surely not the first worldbuilder who wants an alien species which doesn't depend on it (whether due to having ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭

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Could a planet have a naturally occuring moon at one of its Lagrange points?

Would it be possible for a planet to naturally have a moon or large natural satellite at one of its Lagrange points? If so would it then also be able to have a second moon that would be orbiting t...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Frotzie‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Frotzie‭

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How do ballistic trajectories work in a rotating cylinder world?

For the sake of fixing some image in your mind, imagine you want to practice some sport in a rotating cylinder world: whether it be launching a javelin, strike a tee at the golf club or scoring a 3...

7 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by L.Dutch - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by L.Dutch - Reinstate Monica‭

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External ATP Synthesiser Plausibility

Assume a civilisation with futuristically advanced knowledge of biochemistry. Assume it wants to develop a cybernetic device meant to facilitate the organism's ability to perform high-power activit...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭

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How many terrestrial moons can my planet hold?

I have a Gas Giant with 13x the mass of Jupiter. How many satellites of Earth size and mass can it hold safely in its orbit? Edit: This gas giant lies smack dab in the middle of its parent star's ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Thalassan‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Thalassan‭

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Crop production in mountains?

Would potato- or grain-like crops be able to flourish in northern alpine regions? There's a lot to be said about the Andeans, but the have the benefit of living near the equator that other civiliza...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Cygnus X-1‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Cygnus X-1‭

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How useful would a hydroelectric power plant be in the post-apocalypse world?

The details don't matter, just that a large fraction of people have died (let's say 90%) and society has completely collapsed. It's only a year or two later, and people have started to gather toge...

9 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by conman‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by conman‭

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Life on the Broken Ring - an issue of size

One of my ongoing projects is what I think of as the "constructed worlds gallery", a series of Megastructures as settings for stories and games, including things like the "Flying Pie-plate" a world...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Ash‭

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What are the effects of a nearby supernova on a young solar system?

I'm building a S-Type binary system where the primary star is a black hole. Yet the system formed as a O + K-Spectral class binary and the 20 solar-mass O giant went nova 2,7 myr after both the sta...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Body plan of a 4D human-analog?

I am attempting to design aliens that live in a universe with a 4+1 space-time--i.e., a universe with four orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than three, in addition to a fifth time dimension. I...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭

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How do I calculate the loss of primordial heat for a given age and mass of a planet?

I'm working on a computer program which generates realistic planets for worldbuilding purposes. I've run into an issue with calculating my planets heat loss. While radiogenic and tidal heat generat...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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What would happen to air flow and fires in an O'Neill cylinder?

I was curious: Suppose we built an O'Neill cylinder with an air mixture similar to Earth's (not pure oxygen). Does the air also get "thrown" down towards the floor of an O'Neill cylinder? If I sta...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Randster‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Randster‭

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How much energy can I produce per kg of hydrogen using this process?

In the far future the posthuman successors of mankind have disassembled the stars and live on ultra slow and ultra efficient solar system sized computers, Matrioshka Brains. The last enemy of intel...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Is it possible to kill all life on Earth?

Edit: It has been suggested that my question is a duplicate of What could humans do to render the earth uninhabitable?. That question only asks what would be necessary to make human life impossibl...

21 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by JBH‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JBH‭

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A Dozen Cubic Miles of Volcanic Ash--How Big Would the Cloud Be?

On May 18, 1980, Mount Saint Helens made American history with an eruption that took 57 human lives and killed thousands of animals. It has released only a quarter of a cubic mile of ash, but it i...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Natural Armour and Weapons

In my fantasy world, the magic system pretty much makes metal armour and weapons obsolete. The magic system's specifics aren't important, just note that the magic system allows the users to 'penetr...

15 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Uncertainty‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Uncertainty‭

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Of strange atmospheres - the survivable but unbreathable

Most gases that are toxic to breathe also do nasty things to the skin when they're in the atmosphere at dangerous concentrations - and one is walking around without sealed protective clothing; sulf...

8 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Ash‭

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Can I render satellite deployment impossible, or at least impractical, by exploiting the Kessler syndrome?

I want to render impractical the deployment of satellites by exploiting the Kessler syndrome. Why, you ask? Maybe I'm an evil overlord and I don't want those pesky satellites flying over my lair. ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Zizzo‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Zizzo‭

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What are the harmful consequences of burning cigarette stubs in large quantities?

I have a pair of survivors living in a trailer (18-wheeler's trailer) and they have found about 3 pounds of cigarette butts and have decided to burn them for warmth. What would happen to these two?...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Joe P‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Joe P‭

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With today's technology, could iron be smelted at La Rinconada?

La Rinconada, Peru is notable because it has an effective oxygen concentration of only 11%, leading to the need for special techniques just to keep a fire going, and preventing the use of combustio...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Shalvenay‭

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What's the useful range of atmospheric oxygen content for fire?

Fire is certainly high up on the top ten list of mankinds most useful inventions. It allows for a more efficient utilisation of nutriants, is the basis of chemistry and the material sciences, allow...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Solar cells in the Renaissance

An engineer goes back in time to attempt to rewrite history: since global warming has wiped out all but a few living species at his home timeline, he wants to prevent it without preventing an indu...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by yanis‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by yanis‭

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Brown Dwarf Star vs Gas Giant as parent for habitable moon

I seek to build a habitable moon of a giant planet, thus I looked at the Rouche Limit Equation to figure out how to get the biggest possible Hill Sphere for my moon to exist in. $r_H = a(1-e)\sqrt...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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How would digital currency work on a intergalactic scale with limited FTL loopholes?

Another question got me interested in this. How would finances work when there would frequently be long delays for confirmations of transactions? Let's say there are Jump Gates/Artificial Wormholes...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by aslum‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by aslum‭