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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Air resistance speed limits on a broomstick

I'm working on a tabletop roleplaying game about witches. I have most of the mechanics of broomsticks worked out, but I'm having trouble deciding on top speeds. Speed limits are not a result of how...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by pyrrhicPachyderm‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by pyrrhicPachyderm‭

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How does one calculate the diameter of a 'space fountain'?

I need to know how wide the diameter of a space fountain's* particle stream is in relation to the mass it's trying to support. It would have to lift its mass at least 40000 kilometers. The vacuum...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by justthisonequestion‭

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what are the signs and effects of two realities combined into one reality

I have posted a similar question where I asked how can two realities mix into one reality in which I received many helpful comments. I realise I should've expanded on the details I posted, so I wil...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Morrigan loftwyth‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Morrigan loftwyth‭

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A character steps outside in the upper atmosphere of Venus- how sunburned is he?

For complicated reasons our hero's blimp in the Venus atmosphere at an altitude of 50 km gets a tear in it and sunlight floods inside (there is no gondola, the blimp is a semi-ellipsoid of breathab...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by qazwsx‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by qazwsx‭

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Is this a plausible interstellar propulsion system?

Interstellar travel is hard and complicated, yet I want to have a plausible interstellar propulsion system for my setting. Rockets are out because of the rocket equation and the horrible top speeds...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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What improvements in the human body will allow it to withstand critically low or high pressure?

My question: What is it that needs to be improved or added to the human body so that it can withstand critically (fatally) low and high (if, my genetically modified person is underwater or a very d...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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How to speed up the perception of a person? ( more than 25 frames per second )

The response time of the human visual channel in a relatively quiet state is approximately 40 milliseconds, which provides a" frame rate " of 25 frames per second. At the same time, it is not just ...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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The creation of Superman? (Bone fracture)

This question asks for hard science. All answers to this question should be backed up by equations, empirical evidence, scientific papers, other citations, etc. Answers that do not satisfy this req...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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Incoming Rogue Planet! When do we see it?

So say there was a rogue gas giant about the mass of Jupiter that, unfortunately, happened to be headed directly at Earth (or at least close enough to knock it into an orbit incompatible with life)...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Gryphon‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Gryphon‭

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Reality Check: Space Gulag

How realistic is the concept of a space gulag? So let's say you want another option outside of a stern talking too, a fine, confining to quarters, demeaning tasks, VR "re-education," beating the s...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭

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The Properties of Flaming Fire Magic

Magical fire is often depicted as flames. To get fire and flames the right mixture of oxygen, fuel and heat is needed. Assuming that the magic only provides the heat, there are only two chemical re...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Food Production ...IN SPACE!

One of the basic requirements for life is effectively food. One of the basic requirements of engineering is that we lift off with as little mass as possible. If we choose to explore the solar syst...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭

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What is required for advanced lungs to filter dangerous chemicals (so to speak, to carry out the detoxification process) and then use oxygen?

What is required for advanced lungs to filter dangerous chemicals (so to speak, to carry out the detoxification process) and then use oxygen? (It is advisable to take into account the above record,...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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Santa's new delivery service: a... cannon?

Let's say Santa got himself a new toy: a present delivery cannon. With this new cannon, he wants to deliver presents to children by shooting their presents from the cannon into their chimneys. Let'...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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How fast does an antimatter bullet need to move to pierce rather than explode?

The environment is set in (ideal) space with no air for the bullet to interact with. It should encounter nothing until it reaches its target. The bullet is assumed to be a perfect sphere with a di...

9 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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Can someone with a better understanding of physics review or correct my design of a hypothetical fusion reactor for space vessels?

I have a layman's (re: not very good) understanding of nuclear physics, and it's pretty cool to me, but I'm quite bad at math. I'm working on a sci-fi book (classic, I know) and just finished a dra...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Nepty‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Nepty‭

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What are possible energy carriers besides ATP?

I'm thinking about designing an alien race. The race is carbon-based and evolved on a world with an average surface temperature between 40 and 60 degrees Celsius. Now, on Earth, almost all lifeform...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by user73910‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user73910‭

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How do I determine the physical size of a quartz crystal of a given shape and vibrational mode needed to approximate a specific resonant frequency?

So, one of my D&D characters has a cut/relief-carved quartz crystal amulet (medallion shaped) that's both an arcane focus (crystal) and a holy symbol (amulet), and I thought it would be a good ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Shalvenay‭

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Lagrange systems: What is the mass range for a gas giant if I want to place a earth-like planet on L4 and L5

I am wanting to make a 3 world lagrange system around a Sol analog star that includes 1 gas giant and 2 terrestrial worlds with large moons. I want the terrestrial worlds to have a similar gravity ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by skout‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by skout‭

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Can transistors be made in the stone age? (Spoiler: Dr.Stone)

WARNING: This post contains some spoilers for the anime/manga Dr.Stone. As I'm watching Dr.Stone, I see Senku and the gang trying to make vacuum tubes for their circuits. The vacuum tube is an anc...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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How would a "zombie fungus" work on humans?

Short question: which hormones should high contagious fungi spores produce to make their human host spread the joy and infection (by hugging and kisses) on early stages of infection, and become p...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by vodolaz095‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vodolaz095‭

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Can two moons have intersecting orbits yet be guaranteed not to collide?

Working on a D&D campaign. As a physics nerd, I'd like the orbital mechanics of the planet, its sun, and its moons, to follow standard Newtonian/Keplerian mechanics. I'm trying to come up wit...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Frank Harris‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Frank Harris‭

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Two Structures Adrift In Space

There are 2 planet sized structures that are artificially made with no means of propulsion. Each structure has the approximate mass of Earth but are hollow inside. The inside area is where the peop...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user70903‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user70903‭

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The cure for all bacteria-caused diseases

Which minimal order of magnitude is required to simulate single cells and microorganisms in cyberspace? In an utopian future, people will be possibly able to rapidly design new cures, be their rea...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by J. Doe‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by J. Doe‭

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Is there a safe but weird distance from black hole merger?

I wish to create a world such that it can support the following plot point: the world experiences gravitational waves that are directly noticeable to the human population (i.e. they can feel or see...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by SO failed us all... Bye...‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by SO failed us all... Bye...‭

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Could the Breakthrough Starshot probes be detected in their taget system by modern or near-future technology?

The Breakthrough Starshot is a method of robotic interstellar exploration by launching thousands of small centimeter-sized probes, each equipped with a 4 x 4 meter light-sail. Thanks to their small...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by vsz‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vsz‭

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What would it take to make a scientific second equal exactly one traditional second?

A scientist is resetting the clock on his microwave one day as he considers the hopelessness of keeping the time exactly right. Not for the reasons we worry about like power outages and daylight s...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭

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How can an Earth-like moon meet these angular diameter conditions?

NOTE: If there is anything about this question that needs clarification or editing, please don't hesitate to let me know in the comments. Get ready, because you're in for quite a ride. I have t...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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Neodymium magnets as nanoparticles bonded with atmospheric amide to create a magnetic 'air curtain'?

Amide bonds are extremely stable and their half-life for hydrolysis in neutral aqueous solution is estimated to be seven years. Amides bind to metal ions through the carbonyl oxygen. Neodymium Mag...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by System‭

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What is the difference between a pulsed particle weapon and a beam particle weapon?

I'm considering adding a particle based weapon within my setting. It would be used in atmosphere and utilise [electrons] (http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/sidearmenergy.php#id--Particl...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Seraphim‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Seraphim‭

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What kind of star will work for my system?

After what feels like forever and after asking several questions (like this, this and this), I believe I may have decided upon a suitable orbital system for my world: $M_{S}=2.272\;571\;144\;5 \...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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Is the Hammer's Slammers Powergun feasible?

I have seen many people discuss in this community on how a plasma gun ought to be made. But only a few mention the Powergun from the Hammerverse. I ask if this design will work. Can the bullets ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭

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How can a person Insulate copper wire in a medieval world?

Time traveler here, stranded in the year of 1019 AD, medieval ages. Location: europe. While I can still access and post on web forums because my temporal transmitter has a 1Ky range, I have a broke...

20 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Mindwin‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mindwin‭

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How to build a Nuclear Pistol?

I came across the design of a nuclear pistol from a deviantart artist, shown here: I want to know if this can actually be built. My additions: The "egg" needs not be uranium, which has a huge ...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by CYCLOPSCORE‭

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How much energy does a bee/micro robot need per second of flight?

In my scifi setting small utility robot swarms are used for many purposes. I'm currently trying to estimate how much energy such a swarm would need to operate. Since biology, robotics and nanotechn...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Would an antimatter bullet fired from a sniper rifle even reach its target?

Let's say our villain fires an antimatter rifle from behind a magnetic field over a km from the target. The bullet is traveling over 1000 meters per second. If it reaches its target, the 13 gram bu...

9 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by SurpriseDog‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by SurpriseDog‭

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What type of planet where non-aerodynamic space launch vehicles are possible

What would be the approximate gravity, atmosphere etc. of a planet for a species to never make or use launch vehicles with rounded shapes like tapering cylinders, because they make use of the incre...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭

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Solving the biggest problem of relativistic interstellar spacecrafts

In FTL-free universes, interstellar travel is often done by vessels capable of continuous acceleration (the drives themselves are often magitech), which can use the effects of relativistic time dil...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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What is the highest theoretical escape velocity a 2 billion metric ton vehicle can achieve using a >20$^{\circ}$ gravitational slingshot?

I want to send a flying saucer (a $\frac{1}{10}$ scale Independence Day City Destroyer - calculated as a sphere cap 112m high with 1.2km segment radius, $\rho$ about 43.3kg/m3) away from the sun as...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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1g Acceleration Spaceship Design

In my story, a ship is built in orbit around Earth, designed for a 20-person scientific expedition to a planet 11.4 ly away. It will accelerate at 1g for half the distance, then flip around and acc...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Gilad M‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Gilad M‭

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The scientific description of time-asymmetric retro-causality?

Doing research into my time braking world I was referred to Split Second by Douglas E. Richards. It turns out he conceived of the exact same machine that I did, however he handled the paradoxes dif...

6 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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The moon will fall to earth in 100 years, how fast is the asteroid that knocked it down?

We have at most 100 years to abandon earth. The 10-km asteroid which killed the dinosaurs has hit the moon head-on instead. As a result, the moon has slowed down and it's orbit will decay by 400,00...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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Which of these changes to physics will have the least effect on Earth's biology?

The Solar System has entered a region of space where the laws of nature are slightly different. It will experience different physics for 3 years, then things will return to what we know now. Which...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Help cooling living H$_2$ fueled pulse jet engine

A squid-like organism uses gravity powered flight but relies on jet propulsion for launch, pouncing, and evasive tactics. It's aerodynamically based on the way a true squid flies however it has ev...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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Is it possible to build a black hole (kugelblitz) gun?

Assume that space warfare is dominated by gamma and x-ray lasers (Wakefield-Plasma and Free Electron Lasers) capable of killing targets several light-seconds away. Stealth in space is possible due ...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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What is the yield of a 1kg solid concrete transporter bomb?

I want to beam into solid concrete as a bomb. I have transporters and unlike Star Trek I'm not afraid to use them. Terrorists have taken the tech and have nasty plans for us. The bomb is 1 kg sphe...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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What order of magnitude incoming asteroid could we, in fact, deflect?

We actually today have programs to keep an eye out for various rocks in space that may hit Earth. It's a common sci-fi trope that when one is on course to hit us, we deflect it. That's pretty muc...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Fattie‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Fattie‭

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If someone dropped a black hole into the Sun, when and how will we notice it?

Suppose someone dropped a black hole into our lovely Sun a few million years ago. It was big enough (far bigger than that) from the start to eat matter faster than radiating it away, and kept growi...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Alice‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Alice‭

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What elements would be created in a star composed entirely of gold?

I'm working with the idea of creating a sun made out of pure gold. Of course, this would be completely man-made. Why would anyone want to do this? Because I want a cool concept like that in my stor...

8 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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Can an Unstable Ternary Star System Last Several Hundred Years?

After reading the following question, I know that there are not that many solutions to the 3-body problem, and I know that a ternary system is unstable. The 3 stars all orbit each other in a rotati...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭