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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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How to make a flying human

We are in a future where genetics has advanced to a point where arbitrary modifications can be done to living beings. Now a geneticist wants to make a flying human. That is, he wants to modify a hu...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by celtschk‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by celtschk‭

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Would it be possible to use the earth's rotation to launch spaceships to other planets?

A really simple question - if you built a space elevator then you continue building past the geostationary point to put tension onto the tether. Now if you keep building out further and further the...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Tim B‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Tim B‭

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With current technology, what would be the best way to store energy for future generations?

Let's say that the world has successfully converted and only depends on renewable resources for our home energy needs. In fact, we have a massive surplus - currently in the form of raw electricity ...

19 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by DoubleDouble‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DoubleDouble‭

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Creating a realistic world(s) map - Stars

This question is a sort of follow-up to Samuel's previous world map question, Creating a realistic world(s) map - planetary systems. Lots of science fiction stories involve journeying to nearby st...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Design me a Mars drone

In this question about a Mars battle set up in 2100-ish, we decided, that the best battle devices would be drones. In that setup the whole "drone" thing was hand-waved, but I would like to know if ...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Pavel Janicek‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Pavel Janicek‭

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How can an advanced civilization harvest energy from an x-ray binary?

An x-ray binary is a binary star system consisting of a star and a stellar remnant. As matter is ripped from the star and is then accelerated into the neutron star/black hole by its gravity, x-ray...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by user6760‭

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The last ride of The Magic Schoolbus: Termination of the ignorant

It's been 21 years Ms. Frizzle has been doing her best to educate the masses. Even with all the knowledge available provided on the internet, not only do people not take advantage, they choose to ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by bowlturner‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by bowlturner‭

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Targeting cities with meteors (part 2)

This question asked about aliens launching meteors at major metropolitan areas on Earth, but explicitly excluded the accuracy of the meteors from the question. In this specific scenario aliens ...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Bobson‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Bobson‭

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Silent low altitude long range supersonic drone

In the near future, drones replace military fighter jets that require human pilots. These drones will be travelling at many times the speed of sound. Highly sophisticated drones will be able to eva...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by user6760‭

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Large spider walking upside down

Many fantasy stories involve large spiders like in Harry Potter. These creatures behave almost exactly like normal spiders despite their size. My question is: can large spiders still walk upside d...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Vincent‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Vincent‭

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What minerals can be used to make teeth?

Vertebrate tooth enamel is made from Hydroxylapatite, however this need not be the only material available that an alien species could use to make teeth or tooth-like structures. Given that an ide...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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What is the best planetary orbit around a black hole in order to support life?

Note: I am aware of a previous question Physiological effects of living on a world close to a black hole As I understand it, that question refers specifically to a planet that is in a non-ideal ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Targeting cities with meteors

So this was done in Starship Troopers and I am curious if it is realistic for interplanetary warfare. The idea is that aliens launch meteors at major metropolitan areas...and it ends poorly for th...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by James‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by James‭

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Can stars that are not powered by nuclear fusion exist?

Stars generate their energy by fusing lighter elements into heavier elements. The most common reaction in Sun-like stars is the conversion of hydrogen to helium via the proton-proton chain, but hea...

16 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Cloth-eating creature wants to eat synthetic textiles. How?

Based on this question and answer about a human sized creature that lives completely on textiles, how feasible is it for a creature to consume nylon and polyester to derive fats/lipids useful for b...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Green‭

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What's the most efficient way to destroy civilization from orbit?

What's the easiest way for your stereotypical aliens to destroy civilization from orbit? I'm taking "destroy civilization" to mean the destruction of all large-scale forms of governance, but bonus ...

31 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Nathan Ringo‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Nathan Ringo‭

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Could a greek or roman boat be blown to the americas in a storm?

This question prompts me to evaluate the possibility that the romans or greeks could be blown in a storm to the Americas and survive if they had enough water provisions? Or maybe not provisions bu...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Joze‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joze‭

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Water percentage

All the worlds I've seen built by me or others have surfaces that are mainly water. Is it possible for a habitable world to exist if the world is mainly land? I'm only talking about 55-65 percent l...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Uncle Tres‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Uncle Tres‭

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Making a Counter-Earth

In this question, it's pointed out that the L3 Lagrange point, where a "true" Counter-Earth would lie, is in fact unstable, and over time any object there would drift into a different orbit. Obvio...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Kromey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Kromey‭

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Hot rods into space!

Based on this question about an impossible barbell planet, how hot would the bar be if it extended from halfway in the Earth's mantle to an altitude of 2r of Earth's radius? The diameter of the bar...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Green‭

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Creating a realistic world(s) map - planetary systems

Once the geography of the world is designed, it needs a planetary system to inhabit. But how should that solar system look? The only constraint is that the system needs the new world to be placed i...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Samuel‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Samuel‭

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What would the economic impact of the ability to transmute lead into gold?

Okay, my first trial run, How would humans and society react to a superhero existing and saving the earth?, of social sciences with hard-science is looking some what sickly at the moment (maybe som...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by PyRulez‭

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How would humans and society react to a superhero existing and saving the earth?

This is going to be a test run of hard-science, social science edition. This is in accordance with http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/2348/8914. Okay, so a meteor is about to hit the ea...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by PyRulez‭

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Personal fart power - is it viable?

It's the future and oil resources have run out. A scientist has suggested using personal fart power to meet our individual power needs. World governments are seriously considering this. They have ...

7 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by chasly from UK‭

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The limits of human biology: atmospheric tolerances (#1)

This is the first question in a series on the physical limits of the human body. The intent of this series is to, illustrate the upper and lower limits of human biology for the purpose of buil...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by James‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by James‭

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What is the sack-to-ship ratio?

In the world I'm building, the day lasts 9 of their years. This means that they are almost always on the move, living in blimp-like cities and houses. I've been designing these and I am having trou...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Uncle Tres‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Uncle Tres‭

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Could there be an atmosphere in which I could both be alive and float?

There an atmospheres in which I can live, like Earth's. There are atmospheres in which I can float, like if it were a really heavy gas. Is there some atmospheric composition where I could both be a...

9 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by PyRulez‭

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What can be determined about an Earth-like planet, just by looking at a map?

I have a fictional map for an Earth-like planet, with Renaissance-era humanoid populations. Also, Luna, that is, the exact same moon that we had, pre-Space-Race, is orbiting the planet. My map jus...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Malady‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by Malady‭

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Can people upload their consciousnesses to computers?

The idea of uploading one's personality and consciousness to a computer is a semi-common science fiction trope. It has been suggested as a way to essential immortality. In a story I'm working on, ...

9 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Would the Hawking radiation from a small black hole make a feasible propulsion source?

I was wondering if a small black hole would make a feasible/possible propulsion source, and if so, how. Pros Black holes release Hawking radiation, would should be easy to direct in a certain ...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by PyRulez‭

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Is non-manmade pandemic a realistic threat to modern first world?

Inspired by this question, and my own answer to it: Avoiding galactic pandemics. World ending pandemics are a common disaster/after-the-end story trope, I'm trying to determine if plausible, and h...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by dsollen‭

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Can Crystals be used to store data?

In many science fiction stories, crystals where used by ancient alien civilisations to store information that could last millions of years. For example, in Stargate, "control crystals" that looke...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Notaras‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Notaras‭

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Apparent magnitude of my moon as seen from the planet's surface

Setting: we have a fantasy world which is a planet with much of the same conditions that can be seen on Earth, but with the difference that it is orbited by a moon with a mean diameter of 3 500 km....

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by fantasia‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by fantasia‭

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What would the average UV-Index of New York City be, if the ozone layer was completely depleted?

If the ozone layer of planet Earth was completely depleted (to near-zero concentrations), what would the average summer UV-index rise to in New York City? If relevant, other changes anticipated ar...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Michael Eric Oberlin‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Michael Eric Oberlin‭

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What stellar number density would two galaxies have to have for another star to collide with the Sun during a galactic merger?

The Milky Way and Andromeda will collide a few billion years in the future. Stellar collisions will be rare because - as Douglas Adams put it - "Space is big. Really, really big." In the galactic d...

3 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Is an alien race like the Zerg from Starcraft feasible?

A good summary of the Zerg race is given on wikipedia as follows: The Zerg are a collective consciousness of a variety of different races assimilated into the Zerg genome. The Zerg were origina...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Notaras‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Notaras‭

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Can a planet survive a supernova?

The Sun has nowhere near enough mass to enter the branch of stellar evolution that would lead to a supernova, fortunately for us. However, there are planets that orbit stars that are destined to go...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Changing Earth's rotation rate

Variations of this question have been asked and answered previously but I am looking for something specific. Situation: Earth's body (mantel and crust) rotate at different rates than it's core (I ...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Jim2B‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by Jim2B‭

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Can I trigger an "ancient device" to start the process of terraforming Mars?

Let's say that an advanced civilisation once existed on Mars millions of years ago at a time when water existed in liquid form and that life was abundant on the planet. (Say this civilisation is a ...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Notaras‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by Notaras‭

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What single element could destroy the world?

What single chemical element (get out your periodic tables) could most efficiently destroy all life on the planet. Restrictions: Natural elements only, and no anti-matter...nice try. Looking for...

17 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by James‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by James‭

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Trying to make a gun making scene realistic

So here is the situation. I have a character who is a trained modern gunsmith and he finds himself thrown into a setting where the most advanced firearm is the flintlock. I know some of the most a...

7 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by MrDracoSpirit‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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A planet ringed by stars

Suppose there was a ternary system where the stars are effectively identical in mass, luminosity, radius, etc. These three stars circle a central point rather than two orbiting a larger third. At t...

3 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Frostfyre‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Frostfyre‭

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On feasibility of rotating space colonies

Would a spoked, rotating torus work as a method of colonizing space? If so, how feasible would it be? As in, what would be the cost, where would we get the materials for it, how fast does it have t...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Jetscooters‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by Jetscooters‭

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Could we improve space travel using beamed energy?

It is some small number of years into the future. We are regularly using beamed energy, as defined in this answer: large arrays of microwave transmitters. We have developed this so that these array...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by ArtOfCode‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by ArtOfCode‭

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Antimatter Storage

Is it possible to contain similarly charged particles in a magnetic field or traps, in generally large scale (say, all of them have positive charge), and could be utilized as power reserves quite e...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Hendrik Lie‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Hendrik Lie‭

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Low-tech inertial dampener options

As mentioned in this discussion: How to keep humans pilots instead of AI in sci-fi future? the ability to handle G forces is a limiting factor on what pilots can do. Some of my solutions to addres...

8 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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How far away could Earth detect a projectile travelling at relativistic speeds?

Suppose our alien neighbors woke up on the wrong side of the bed and decided humans would be less annoying if their home planet was hit with a giant artillery shell travelling at half the speed of ...

8 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Joshua Snider‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Habitability of an icy volcano planet

Suppose we have a rocky planet (somewhere between Earth- and Super-Earth- sized) orbiting a star far enough away that it would be around Pluto's temperature if sunlight was the only heat source. If...

3 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Joshua Snider‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joshua Snider‭

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How to create a nuclear explosion localized to only a few square feet?

Is there a way to create a nuclear explosion that only destroys things within a few feet of the bomb? The point is to completely eradicate something relatively small, leaving no trace. Let's assum...

18 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Scimonster‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by Scimonster‭

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Shinespark-like effect with a jet engine

I am working on a 2D platformer game, and I'm trying to introduce a jetpack which would give a shinespark-like ability from Metroid series, i.e. it needs a run-up to a certain speed, at which the e...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Josh K.‭  ·  last activity 9y ago by Josh K.‭