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First and foremost, not everyone would be able to survive. Much of it depends how quickly this warmup happens: if it's quick and the ice melts very quickly, people on the coast aren't going to get ...
I think the others have done a good job of answering the main question of what it would be composed of (I'd have said iron, too, or something similar), so I'll address some of the other stuff. The...
It depends on the size of the habitable zone. Whether or not a planet's orbit is within the (circumstellar) habitable zone (aka the Goldilocks zone) depends on a wide variety of factors determined...
The problem here isn't really about whether or not a moon could "skim" a ring, but whether or not rings could form around Earth. There are three ways planetary rings can form. All three involve ma...
This method seems a bit extreme... if you want to destroy Earth's politics but keep their culture, there are far easier methods. However, some solutions anyway: Nova Bombs In Andromeda, all Commo...
Let's do a calculation or two, shall we? (Note: All those wishing to skip the boring math can just read the lower portion of this answer.) Finding the speed you're going for: $$v=\frac{15 \text { ...
A few easy steps to destroying Earth: Get hold of a fairly massive celestial body. It could be a star, a rogue planet (as PipperChip mentioned), or something completely different. Put it in a pos...
You could always simply lie down. Jokes aside, the answer is that there would be quite a few issues. Your spine would not be used to being so compressed. This is a problem with astronauts returnin...
Awesome question. I love this kind of thing. Wikipedia of course has a a page on near-Earth supernovae, and the first body paragraph briefly examines the effects of life on Earth. The only really ...
I think another defining factor is how large the ship is to begin with. If you have more components (more engines, wings (for a spaceplane), landing gear, etc.), there's a greater chance that somet...
Mercury vs. the Sun Mass: Mercury - $3.3022×10^{23} \text{ kg}$; Sun - $1.98855×10^{30} \text{ kg}$. Mercury clearly won't so much as jostle the Sun. There should be no major changes in the Sun...
I'm not going to calculate at what speed the planet would have to move in order for this effect to happen. My guess is that it would have to go pretty darn fast for there to be a substantial differ...
I don't know how realistic a scenario this is. I would think that if two cores formed in Earth (this could happen in the early solar system, if another moderately-sized protoplanet hit Earth), they...
My personal favorite is My Solar System, by the University of Colorado-Boulder. You can also access version 2.04 directly here. It's pretty basic, but it has some cool features. You can choose to ...
Awesome! I can talk about what I think is one of the coolest inventions of all time: the analog computer. An analog (more properly, a mechanical) computer was actually the world's first "computer"...
Per Robert Harvey's suggestion, I've made a community wiki for near-answers found in "disposable" comments. Rowanas wrote: Running wouldn't be much of an issue. While their stride would be sho...
First, the good news: You still can have quantum stuff. All the quantum weirdness already exists in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Without the speed limit, full relativity is, of course, out ...
The angular resolution of the naked human eye is approximately one arc minute, or 1/60th of a degree. (Also a nice illustration of what this means in practice, which just so it happens also shows t...
The hard part here would be that the medium this civilization lives in would be fairly disturbing. Ocean currents can fluctuate easily in certain spots, creating chaotic flows. Maelstroms and other...
Neil's completely right that the question is a bit confusing. There are two scenarios here: The planet orbits in the same plane as the stars, or it orbits 90 degrees perpendicular to them. There's ...
Not a lot would be different, actually. Let's take the orbits of the planets around the Sun. In the Newtonian world, gravity is represented by Newton's law of universal gravitation: $$F=G\frac{m_1...
Assuming you have a map, I would first plot out all the different settlements. Towns, cities, villages, hamlets, outhouses - everything. Now connect them in straight lines. Completely straight. It ...
Physical properties If Jupiter turns into a star, it would likely turn into the least massive star possible. This would make it a red dwarf - in particular, a red dwarf of spectral type M9V. We ca...
At least the Artemis project thinks it is possible. The process they describe is $$\rm FeTiO_3 + H_2 \to Fe + TiO_2 + H_2O$$ and then split the water to hydrogen and oxygen (note that after splitt...
Well, one obvious effect of cats acquiring flight ability would be that they would be much more effective in catching birds (it of course depends on how well/fast the cats can fly). Probably the nu...
