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There are multilevel automated food plant farms in existence that are artificially illuminated.  Sure they may use skylights but they have many times the growing area so the plants are not getting full sunlight that way.

There are lots of underground growing systems that are in old mines that are used for the purpose of hybridising suicide gene seed stock for sale of GMO variants.  These variants are usually made to have sterile seeds so farmers have to buy the seeds over and over again (kind of nice when we move away from Round-up and they go away)  While these sites do not have massive areas like OP proposes they will be totally dependent on external power.

In the cultivation of hemp plants for illicit and sanctioned production of hashish and marijuana it is common to grow the plants in closed indoor spaces for secrecy, security and species management reasons.  They routinely make use of artificial lights, I expect almost exclusively LED lighting these days and I have seen advertised units with adjustable spectrum light that gives the optimal light profile for each time of day and each grow season to trigger and support leaf and bud growth at the correct times.

So the process is possible but as Olin mentions the power supply and heat dissipation may become an issue.  If there are so many people that there is no room to grow food then it also means there is not enough space for animals and plants and the ecosystem has collapsed.  This will cause runaway erosion and loss of transpiration and run off capture resulting altered water cycles and eventual loss of aquifers.

Long term it will result is total loss of human life and resetting of land based evolution from rats or whatever managed to stay alive.

It always brings to mind the massive error found in numerous Sci-Fi stories and films.  Planets with (near) complete ice or desert cover still have breathable oxygen atmospheres.  Sure almost anything is possible but plant life is the only KNOWN way to make the oxygen and absent this there would be no breathable atmosphere (sort of like Mars).  On Earth the oceans may be able to carry the burden if not badly damaged but replacing all terrestrial plants with a small amount of food crops will make a substantial difference in the O2 supply.