Could Vocal Mimicry be a Viable Tactic for a Predator?

As it happens, I know of a predator combining vocal mimicry with other forms of mimicry. This is so horrendously effective that it can infiltrate the colonies of its victims and remain undetected while killing and eating their children for nearly a year! During its lifecycle, it will consume on average 1,200 prey from the colony it targets.

What kind of horrific predator could succeed in doing this?

THIS ONE:

(This image was posted to Wikimedia under a Creative Commons 3.0 license - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en. As per the terms of that license, credit is due to Wikimedia user PJC&Co)

It's the Large Blue butterfly - Phengaris arion.

During it's early life, the caterpillar is merely a herbivore, living on plants. However, after it has moulted three times, it falls to the ground and begins to secrete chemicals which mimic the pheromones of Myrmica sabuleti ants. At this stage, it has some physical resemblance to an ant larva, and foraging ants are fooled into thinking it's one of theirs that's escaped from the nest. They will carry it back to their colony, and put it in with the real ant larvae.

The P. arion caterpillar, once it's safely ensconced in the ant nest, will go looking for relatively isolated chambers in which it can hide. After finding one, it spins a layer of silk which will allow it to hide at ceiling level. Every so often, it will emerge from this hideaway and venture into the "nursery", where it will eat several of the ant larvae. It chooses the largest larvae it can find to feed on, before returning to its hiding place. It may be as much as ten days before it ventures out again.

Meanwhile, it's making sounds that mimic those of an adult queen ant. Combined with the pheromones it's secreting, this allows it to go undetected, and in fact to be accorded the highest possible status in the colony! That said, parasitic butterflies from the same family, such as Phengaris rebeli, are the ones which really exploit the difference in sounds between queens and workers. I think this one just needs to impersonate the ants in general.

Essentially, what it's doing is

1. To eat the largest ant larvae it can - they provide the biggest meal, and it needs to eat them quickly before they pupate.

2. Then giving the workers time to fatten another crop of larvae to the same size.

3. And then emerging to consume them as well!

4. (Go back to step 2. And so the cycle continues.)

Over time, the caterpillar may well end up eating all of the larvae in the nest. This causes the surviving adults to abandon the nest. After this has happened, the caterpillar waits for another, nearby ant colony to take over the abandoned nest. It can go without food for several days while waiting for this.

On average, a caterpillar that survives until adulthood will destroy two host colonies by consuming all of their larvae, and will have a third colony of victims present in the nest when it finally pupates. During this time, it will have killed and eaten over a thousand ant larvae. That said, new colonies don't always expand into the nest, and the caterpillars sometimes starve to death as a result.

During its lifecycle, the caterpillar will grow much, much larger than an ant larva. So visual mimicry is absolutely out of the question. It's got to rely on a combination of acoustic and chemical mimicry, as well as staying hidden.

But eventually, it pupates. At this point, it can no longer secrete any chemicals, and bears no visual resemblance to an ant larva/pupa/adult. All that it has is a "stridulation organ" on the pupal shell, and this organ continues to imitate the sounds made by the queen. That is now the only from of mimicry it's doing - it relies entirely on vocal mimicry to survive this stage and reach adulthood.

A beautiful butterfly - or a horrifying monster? From the viewpoint of the ants, it's the same thing!

Sources - non-paywalled:

Barbero, F., Patricelli, D., Witek, M., Balletto, E., Casacci, L. P., Sala, M., & Bonelli, S. (2012). Myrmica ants and their butterfly parasites with special focus on the acoustic communication. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2012.

Thomas, J. A., Schönrogge, K., Bonelli, S., Barbero, F., & Balletto, E. (2010). Corruption of ant acoustical signals by mimetic social parasites: Maculinea butterflies achieve elevated status in host societies by mimicking the acoustics of queen ants. Communicative & integrative biology, 3(2), 169-171.

Barbero, F., Bonelli, S., Thomas, J. A., Balletto, E., & Schönrogge, K. (2009). Acoustical mimicry in a predatory social parasite of ants. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(24), 4084-4090.

Barbero, F., Thomas, J. A., Bonelli, S., Balletto, E., & Schönrogge, K. (2009). Queen ants make distinctive sounds that are mimicked by a butterfly social parasite. Science, 323(5915), 782-785.

Thomas, Jeremy & Elmes, G. & Schonrogge, Karsten & Simcox, D. & Settele, Josef. (2005). Primary hosts, secondary hosts and 'non-hosts': Common confusions in the interpretation of host specificity in Maculinea butterflies and other social parasites of ants.

Thomas, J. A., Schönrogge, K., & Elmes, G. W. (2005). 17. Specializations and host associations of social parasites of ants. Insect evolutionary ecology, 479-518.

Thomas, J. A., & Settele, J. (2004). Butterfly mimics of ants. Nature, 432(7015), 283-284.

DeVries, P. J., Cocroft, R. B., & Thomas, J. (1993). Comparison of acoustical signals in Maculinea butterfly caterpillars and their obligate host Myrmica ants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49(3), 229-238.

Sources - paywalled:

Thomas, J. A., & Wardlaw, J. C. (1992). The capacity of a Myrmica ant nest to support a predacious species of Maculinea butterfly. Oecologia, 91(1), 101-109.

posted about 4 years ago

Astrid_Redfern‭

6 reputation 3 6 1 0