What geologic processes would create an unstable cliff on which a city is built?

I have a city which will be completely submerged in water due to a catastrophic earthquake. It is placed on a cliff side, so that it will drop directly into the ocean. Technology is similar to the Renaissance era and it is a low magic setting.

How can I use geology to indicate that this city is vulnerable, and that the ground beneath it is unstable in some way? Would it be realistic to have caverns underneath a high cliff?

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What geologic processes would create an unstable cliff on which a city is built?

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