Not unless life evolves extremely quickly.

There are two conditions for cosmic background radiation to be able to support life:

1. It's partially composed of photons at wavelengths required by photosynthetic pigments.
2. It's bright enough to transmit a useful amount of energy to any life out there.

If either of those conditions is not met, life cannot survive (and as the first stars won't be born for another 100 million years or so, there likely isn't another feasible energy source). It turns out that any photosynthetic life forms on your planemo will only have a few million years in which to evolve - not nearly enough. If they were magically transported there from the future, they might have a chance, but not if they formed on the planemo itself.

Temperature

Let's first see what limits we can place on life based on the evolving temperature of the CMB. It makes sense to talk about the cosmic microwave background in terms of its redshift (which, in cosmology, tells us how far away something is, and therefore how far back in time we're looking). For instance, at some redshift $z$, the temperature of the CMB is $$T(z)=T_0(1+z)$$ where $T_0\approx2.725\text{ K}$, its approximate temperature today (at $z=0$). Similarly, the relationship between the age of the universe and redshift is approximately $$t(z)=\frac{2}{3H_0\sqrt{\Omega_M}}\frac{1}{(1+z)^{3/2}}$$ where $H_0$ is the Hubble constant today and $\Omega_M$ is the dimensionless matter density of the universe; today, $\Omega_M\approx0.04$.

The CMB was released during recombination, when $T\approx3000\text{ K}$. This corresponds to a redshift of $z\sim1100$, and a time of 375,000 years after the big bang. Now, 3,000 Kelvin isn't much - it's about half the surface temperature of the Sun. That means the radiation peaks at a wavelength of $\lambda\approx966\text{ nm}$, which is already outside the visible spectrum. However, the CMB will still consist partly of visible light until it reaches roughly the Draper point, which corresponds to an age of 2.7 million years. Given that photosynthetic pigments on Earth are largely sensitive to visible light - which will only compose a small part of the CMB, even after it's emitted - it seems that after a few million years, they'll be out of luck.

Energy density

Since the cosmic microwave background is (approximately) a black body, we can analyze it in terms of Planck's law. Andersen et al. 2018 actually did this for the CMB at various times in the early universe, and determined what it would look like to a human observer. They found that it was actually too bright for human eyes up to 1.2 million years, and too dim after 5.3 million years - roughly twice as late as our simple estimate using the Draper point.

We can use this as a proxy for how photosynthetic organisms would receive radiation, given that green, chlorophyll-rich plants thrive in the same environments humans do. It seems unlikely that they could survive far beyond 5 million years - again, assuming that they're similar to the planets we have on Earth. If we consider exotic photosynthetic pigments that operator well at far longer wavelengths, perhaps things could be a little different.

In the Dark Ages

As I said before, the first stars - massive, luminous objects called Population III stars - won't form until 100 million to 200 million years after the Big Bang. This means that there should be a very long period of time called the Dark Ages between when the CMB is formed and then becomes invisible to human eyes and when these stars form. It's called the Dark Ages because, well, it's dark. There's so significant source of visible light in the universe.

Life seems unlikely to evolve within 5 million years, as Serban Tanasa indicated, and I agree. If it did, though, an interesting question would be whether it could survive these hundreds of millions of years until the first stars are born, perhaps by going dormant in some way. (I don't really have an answer for this, to be honest; I doubt it but can't really prove it). One of the problems, of course, with thinking about the evolution of life under strange conditions is that we only have on planet of data - and the lifeforms on it are carbon-based. I'm not sure how well we can extrapolate life on Earth to the not-carbon-based life on this planemo.

The impossible planemo

Something that I've ignored up until this point is that your planemo can't exist at all at this point in the universe. It would be composed of heavy elements and silicate compounds. Unfortunately, those compounds can only form after the first stars in the universe are born and die. For the same reason, any life on this body could not be carbon-based, as there wouldn't be any carbon to go around.

Indeed, galaxies as we know them won't yet have formed even by the time the background radiation becomes too dim for significant photosynthesis to take place. Structure formation takes quite a long time, and when the universe is a few million years old, galaxies are still far in the future. Overdensities exist, and those overdensities will eventually collapse into protogalaxies and then galaxies, but that's about it at the moment.

I include this only for the sake of completeness; I think we've ruled out the possibility of life even if we handwave away the setting!

posted over 5 years ago

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