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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Could Using Technology to monitor the thoughts of a human mind be possible?

I had this one idea of having the government create chips that monitor the thoughts of prison inmates as a way of preventing future crimes. At the same time still, give them a degree of freedom and...

5 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭

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What near-future propulsion system(s) could be employed by my spaceships?

In a near future setting I am working on, humans have built space-habitats and have established colonies on celestial objects such as Luna. Their spaceships cannot go faster-than-light and have the...

7 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Is an interstellar clock orbitally possible?

A Kardashev Type III civilisation has need of a long-scale timepiece, and as such has arranged a series of planets around a black hole such that their orbital periods can be used to tell the time i...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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Contamination of orbital warehouses

So I'm thinking about orbital warehousing of raw materials but I'm wondering whether one would actually need an orbital structure to store the goods inside or could you just strap a booster to the ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Ash‭

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What if a traversable wormhole hits the earth?

So, I the question of what if a black hole hits the earth has been asked to death by various people, but what if the somewhat tamer wormhole hits the Earth? In particular, we'll say that one mouth...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by PyRulez‭

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How much liquid hydrogen to stop neutron radiation?

I have a spaceship that's powered by an efficient hydrogen fusion drive, but the drive outputs a large amount of dangerous neutron radiation as a side effect, and those neutrons are not captured an...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by TPK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by TPK‭

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Replacing Jupiter with a brown dwarf?

This is a purely hypothetical question but I can't find a satisfactory answer to it. Let's say somehow Jupiter collects enough mass to be considered a brown dwarf. Let's assume Jupiter achieves a...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by tempestwing0101‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by tempestwing0101‭

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How will a dust storm affect infrared sensors such as thermal imaging?

The situation: the good guys are attempting to infiltrate an enemy base, and cause mayhem either in person and/or by planting explosives and running away. They know there is a big dust storm on the...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by DrBob‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DrBob‭

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Sea/Air fighters using current/near future tech?

The Setting I'm doing background work on a story involving a civilization about as advanced as ours materiologically. A significant part of their military operates along the continental shelf zone...

8 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Gio‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Gio‭

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what type of head anatomy would simians evolve

The end goal is to have human like beings with vestigial horns or antlers, but I am unsure of what types of horns they should be. Apparently there are three type of horn: living horn-bony outgr...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Eloc‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Eloc‭

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Maximizing the vertical range of livable air pressure

In Larry Niven's short story "Bordered in Black", there's a planet (Sirius B-IV) with much lower gravity than Earth. As a result, the planet has a gentler atmospheric pressure gradient, i.e., the a...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭

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The Great Deoxygenation Event

Assume an Earth-like or super-Earth terrestrial planet in a state comparable to Precambrian or Archaen Earth. The atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide, perhaps some methane, but very li...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by rek‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by rek‭

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Nuclear rockets and EMPs

Nuclear rockets, or as I like to think of them, "half way between a continuous small atomic explosion and reactor whose front fell off". There are many variants, and my aliens are using relative si...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by BenRW‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by BenRW‭

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A localized artificial magnetosphere for Mars

Mars has a couple of problems with regards to colonization such as lack of atmosphere, lack of magnetosphere, weak sunlight, and a few others. Of concern in this question is how to shield human col...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Green‭

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Microphone implanted in and powered by the body

In an effort to reduce the murder rate I want to greatly increase the chances of getting caught. To do so I invented a device that will record your last words (and potential the murderer's and your...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by DasBeasto‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by DasBeasto‭

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Lunar maria, always on the side facing the planet?

Suppose we have an Earthlike planet, with a rocky moon orbiting it. Under what conditions would dark lunar maria form on its surface, and would they always be on the side facing the planet? For Ear...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by taylor swift‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by taylor swift‭

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Natural subterranean cave formations on Mars

Is it possible that subterranean caves do/have existed on Mars? We know of the past existence of water on Mars. Which region (if any) of Mars would we likely find/expect to find a cave system bel...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by socrates‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by socrates‭

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How cold can a planet actually get?

The coldest place in the universe that we have observed is in the Boomerang Nebula. Similarly to a refrigerator, heat is carried away through a fluid, resulting in a space colder than the surroundi...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Zxyrra‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Zxyrra‭

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Need a way for Earth not to detect an extrasolar civilization that has radio

The exposition is that a civilization exists about 200 light years from earth and has been capable of radio communication for several thousands of years. They are not trying to hide from detection ...

17 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by MoreOrLess‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by MoreOrLess‭

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How much energy does it take to fuse 1m$^3$ of seawater, and how much energy is released by that fusion?

So, assume that you have 1m$^3$ of normal Terran seawater you can adiabatically raise to an arbitrarily high pressure/temperature in situ (say, by compressing it with nuclear shockwaves from all di...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Shalvenay‭

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Can haptic holograms be used to make something akin to a holodeck?

If the holograms are really advanced like the hologram of Snoke in The Force Awakens and they are haptic, which means you can feel them, can they be used to make an immersive virtual reality envior...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Max‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Max‭

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How to fire your engines for a near-future trip around the solar system?

Background I was pondering my answer to this question. I asked myself, "Why would I only do a 45-minute burn and then float for 3 months to get to Mars?". Then I answered, "Because you only have ...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by kingledion‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by kingledion‭

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Could Earth and the Moon be the same size?

Many questions on this site hypothesize about two planets in close orbit of each other, each developing their own civilizations. How feasible is that? Some 4.5 billion years ago Theia, a planetary...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by kingledion‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by kingledion‭

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White Dwarf mining?

This is a follow-up to Neutron Star mining. Assuming that problem can be solved, it would eventually degenerate to something similar to this case. And if it can't, white dwarfs seem like the next b...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭

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How many humans would there need to be for almost every body to have a doppelganger?

There are a number of stories about persons with exact look alikes. In general this seems to be a rather rare phenomenon. But if you assume more and more humans it should become also more likely ...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by bdecaf‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by bdecaf‭

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Communication and Navigation for space flight on Europa

Considering the rather hostile radiation environment on Europa, what communication and navigation systems might be used with near-future manned spacecraft? What would the ranges and features of th...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Innovine‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Innovine‭

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Virtual particles as propellant

I've read that even in a "perfect" vacuum, matter exists in the form of virtual particles that spontaneously pop into existence only to be immediately annihilated. This suggests to me that it might...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Adam‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Adam‭

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How does one calculate the tidal heating of a satellite?

I've been searching for hours, and most formulas I can find use complex/imaginary numbers or variables that I don't know or can't find out (such as the imaginary part of the planet's love number, w...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Alexader Ferguson‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Alexader Ferguson‭

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Smallest Black Hole to 'heat' a Gas Giant

So I want a large power source to heat my new real estate on the Jovian moons. I create a micro black hole (MBH), maybe a few kg, maybe more and drop it into Jupiter. I expect the following to h...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by mart‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by mart‭

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Is it possible to augment the human body's muscles or nerves to simulate weight and force?

Decades in the future, people have been able to augment their own sensory inputs in their brains and nerves to feel, see, taste and touch things that are not really there. Also, they can modify the...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Red_Wasp‭

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Lethal Low Pressure Fronts

On a giant 50 mile high volcano, created and sustained by magic, there is extreme weather. Storms, high winds, snow, everything you'd find at the flanks of exceedingly high mountain. Explorers have...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Green‭

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Can a sounds frequency stun?

This is in reference to Could an organism have evolved to kill its prey by shouting at it? However, most answers here speak towards the brute force side of the equation, measure by it's decibel le...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Twelfth‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Twelfth‭

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Calculating G-Force and Velocity

Simplifying a larger problem. Building a sci-fi text game and I don't want the science to be too wrong. Imagine I have two points in space which are 111,125 kilometers apart and it takes 17 minut...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Curtis Poe‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Curtis Poe‭

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The Tree of Youth

There exists a single solitary tree at the mouth of a small river. This tree is basically a fountain of youth, granting immortality to anyone who eats it's grapefruit-sized fruits. As you can ima...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Acumen Simulator‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Acumen Simulator‭

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Where to place my space-station so it observes one full planetary revolution per 24 hours?

For a SciFi project I work on I have a space-station orbiting earth that uses an 8 hour 3 shift system for its staff. Each shift is assigned to one-third of the countries and organizations on earth...

11 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Can midcourse flip pose danger at relativistic speeds?

Consider an interstellar spaceship. It is a rather classical design, somewhat similar to the ISS Venture Star from Avatar: http://james-camerons-avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Interstellar_Vehicle_Venture...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by b.Lorenz‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by b.Lorenz‭

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How much blood is needed to forge a sword?

Blood of most vertebrates contains hemoglobin, which contains iron. I've imagined a world where someone once had a seemingly stupid idea of using blood as a source of iron. Now, the world is analo...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Neith‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Neith‭

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New armour development for hard sci-fi novel

So I'm writing a story (set well into the future and on a different, but similar to Earth planet colonised by humans) and as part of it I am including specs and designs for the armour that the mili...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by HyperdriveMacGee‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by HyperdriveMacGee‭

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Is there any way we could "see" smells?

I was thinking about making up a visor like Batman has in the Arkham series, where he "analyzes" a sample and then he can set a filter on his visor for particles of that compound. Something like a...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by John Hamilton‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by John Hamilton‭

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How big would a human have to be to have a full set of redundant organs?

I'm trying to design a realistic genetically engineered nanotech super-soldier with a full set of redundant organs. How much more interior volume and thus height/weight/muscle mass would a human bo...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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How many Sovjet Era transport planes would be required to transport 30'000 Rhinocerotidae to the southern US border unnoticed?

In a world similar to ours, a mad scientist is bent on preventing the ascendance of one certain individual over the rest of the people inhabiting the northern part of the continental America, also ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Acceleration in space

Scenario: I have a generation ship moving between two star systems. Given that such a ship needs to have a completely self sufficient life cycle system to make it viable, ejecting mass continuously...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Rudhra‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Rudhra‭

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Can a main-sequence star with planets exist orbiting a magnetar?

Lets say you have an average-ish magnetar "” about 3 solar masses, with a magnetic field of 108 teslas (it's decayed a bit since it was born). Now lets say we have a solar system with a small-ish ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Shalvenay‭

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How big would a fusion reactor need to be to produce a constant triple digit terawattage?

And how much fuel would you need to carry? I'm trying to determine what kind of engine you'd need to accelerate a good-size spacecraft (thousands to millions of tons) at a constant 1g in a race acr...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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Please help me calculate acceptable planet sizes & eclipse shadows cast by my binary planet system

I've been reading here for a little while, but this is my first question. I am trying to come up with either a concrete set of numbers for a single answer for a binary planet system, or a simple fo...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by castinbronze‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by castinbronze‭

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What would it look like inside an Alcubierre field?

For the purpose of this questions, let's assume my crew has solved all those nasty problems of survivability inside the field, not unleashing a devastating blast of particles at their destination, ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Clayton M.‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Clayton M.‭

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At what rate would this renaissance-esqe mining operation proceed?

There is a group of people with about renaissance-level technology clearing out underground granite. They have no access to work animals. 700 men are working at any given time. Mining Using rena...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by NeoBourne‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by NeoBourne‭

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Spatial dimensions with non-equivalent dimensional eigenvalues

Our universe is described as having three physical dimensions, plus one time dimension, where the eigenvalues for the physical dimensions are all the same, but the eigenvalue for time is opposite (...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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Preserving the dead

Suppose there is a culture on earth that sees dead bodies as holy items and letting them decompose is a sin. I have seen many examples of mummies preserved so well that they almost look like their ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by totally not rick sanchez‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by totally not rick sanchez‭

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Will my bird likely be able to fly in this atmosphere on this planet?

I'm working on a species of large bird, and trying to determine whether they will be able to fly or not. I know that this equation likely applies: $$ A = \cfrac{L}{\cfrac{1}{2} v^2 \rho C_L} $$ ...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Canina‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Canina‭