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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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How could an earth like planet increase the amount of oxygen in the air

How could the amount (total mass) of oxygen be increased on a planet like Earth (with a similar atmospheric composition), preferably by natural processes? For the sake of having a ballpark number...

8 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by lijat‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by lijat‭

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What drives would make Casual Interplanetary Travel possible?

I am currently trying to make a world that has casual interplanetary commutes with near future technology (within one century); so, to find a reasonable top speed for crafts in my interplanetary wo...

5 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by System‭

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At what rate would this renaissance-esqe mining operation proceed?

There is a group of people with about renaissance-level technology clearing out underground granite. They have no access to work animals. 700 men are working at any given time. Mining Using rena...

1 answer  ·  posted 6y ago by NeoBourne‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by NeoBourne‭

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Where to place my space-station so it observes one full planetary revolution per 24 hours?

For a SciFi project I work on I have a space-station orbiting earth that uses an 8 hour 3 shift system for its staff. Each shift is assigned to one-third of the countries and organizations on earth...

11 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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White Dwarf mining?

This is a follow-up to Neutron Star mining. Assuming that problem can be solved, it would eventually degenerate to something similar to this case. And if it can't, white dwarfs seem like the next b...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭

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Diamond as a building material

So lots of Sci-fi works use mono-crystalline diamond as a wonder material used to build all sorts of impressive and in some cases seemingly impossible structures, I'd like to ask about the science ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Ash‭

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Contamination of orbital warehouses

So I'm thinking about orbital warehousing of raw materials but I'm wondering whether one would actually need an orbital structure to store the goods inside or could you just strap a booster to the ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Ash‭

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How to identify a new species?

If a parasitic creature was discovered, how would officials determine whether that parasite was a new species or an existing parasitic species? How long would that process take? Assume the specie...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by CaM‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by CaM‭

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Can there be a naturally occuring superfluid?

Is there any way for a planet to host, even a tiny amount, of matter in a superfluid form, without outside intervention, given that Helium-4 becomes a superfluid below 2.17K, and that according to ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Sefa‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Sefa‭

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How to design a zero-g nuclear reactor?

My worldbuilding involves a reasonably near-future, high-realism space station research outpost, and I'd like it to be powered by a nuclear reactor. However, I need as much detail on the actual rea...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Innovine‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Innovine‭

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What practical issues might prevent making a conventional-explosives bomb-powered spacecraft?

Project Orion was a project to construct a spacecraft that rode the shockwaves of nuclear blasts as a form of propulsion, but the project was abandoned because of budget cuts, environmental concern...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by System‭

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New armour development for hard sci-fi novel

So I'm writing a story (set well into the future and on a different, but similar to Earth planet colonised by humans) and as part of it I am including specs and designs for the armour that the mili...

4 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by HyperdriveMacGee‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by HyperdriveMacGee‭

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Will my bird likely be able to fly in this atmosphere on this planet?

I'm working on a species of large bird, and trying to determine whether they will be able to fly or not. I know that this equation likely applies: $$ A = \cfrac{L}{\cfrac{1}{2} v^2 \rho C_L} $$ ...

3 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by Canina‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Canina‭

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Maximizing the vertical range of livable air pressure

In Larry Niven's short story "Bordered in Black", there's a planet (Sirius B-IV) with much lower gravity than Earth. As a result, the planet has a gentler atmospheric pressure gradient, i.e., the a...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by ApproachingDarknessFish‭

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Feasibility of causing a head to explode using infrasound only

I am creating a creature which uses infrasound to immobilize prey and I have done a little bit of research on the effects of Infrasound on animals, finding that 177 dB with a frequency between 0.5 ...

2 answers  ·  posted 6y ago by DevourerOfStars‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by DevourerOfStars‭

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Can haptic holograms be used to make something akin to a holodeck?

If the holograms are really advanced like the hologram of Snoke in The Force Awakens and they are haptic, which means you can feel them, can they be used to make an immersive virtual reality envior...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Max‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Max‭

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A predator that uses an airborne chemical to make prey not be afraid of it

There is a predator that lives in the forest. It is roughly the size of a large bear, and moves quite slowly - a person could outrun it at a light jog. Nor is it agile - although its arms and jaw...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by IndigoFenix‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by IndigoFenix‭

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How would a neutron star affect the habitability of planets orbiting a companion star?

A star system consisting of two stars forms, with one being more massive. As such, the larger star soon exhausts its fuel and ends up as a neutron star. The secondary star has a semi-major axis of ...

4 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Dark Martin‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Dark Martin‭

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Please help me calculate acceptable planet sizes & eclipse shadows cast by my binary planet system

I've been reading here for a little while, but this is my first question. I am trying to come up with either a concrete set of numbers for a single answer for a binary planet system, or a simple fo...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by castinbronze‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by castinbronze‭

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Color of the sky

I know the default will be blue, but just HOW blue, i.e., wavelength in nanometers? I have a world with the following stats: Radius: 4628 km. Mass: .35 Earth (2,09076 x 10^24 kg). Atmospheric D...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Mike‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Mike‭

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How can a world with an extremely thick, microbe-rich atmosphere avoid global warming problems?

The sun is perfectly fine, but for generations, not a single human has seen sunlight. Earth is completely covered in black fog, reaching high up into the atmosphere, so that not even skyscrapers ca...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Somatic‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Somatic‭

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Could life develop in this ternary sytem?

Here is a link to an online animation of stars' movements in a trinary system. Basically, the three stars are orbiting around a barycenter; one (yellow in the animation, mass = 1) closer to it a...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by CHEESE‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by CHEESE‭

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Smallest Black Hole to 'heat' a Gas Giant

So I want a large power source to heat my new real estate on the Jovian moons. I create a micro black hole (MBH), maybe a few kg, maybe more and drop it into Jupiter. I expect the following to h...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by mart‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by mart‭

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How much blood is needed to forge a sword?

Blood of most vertebrates contains hemoglobin, which contains iron. I've imagined a world where someone once had a seemingly stupid idea of using blood as a source of iron. Now, the world is analo...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Neith‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Neith‭

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How fast can dungeons be covered and how low can they sink?

My plot is to have temples,castles and cities built on top of the remains of previous structures repeatedly to create a multi-level underground dungeon. My goal is to figure out how many levels thi...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Eloc‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Eloc‭

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what type of head anatomy would simians evolve

The end goal is to have human like beings with vestigial horns or antlers, but I am unsure of what types of horns they should be. Apparently there are three type of horn: living horn-bony outgr...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Eloc‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Eloc‭

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How would an extrasolar spaceship communicate with Earth?

Given modern technology, what kind of bandwidth could you expect for communication with an extrasolar spaceship? For example, is HD video possible? Is it safe to assume it would vary by distance? O...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Brian‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Brian‭

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Could this Very Specific Dragon Fly?

For starters, allow me to define more carefully what I am asking. For now I am not worried about any of the following, as if this question is answered they will be covered in later questions: Bon...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Myrdden Wyllt‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Myrdden Wyllt‭

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Can midcourse flip pose danger at relativistic speeds?

Consider an interstellar spaceship. It is a rather classical design, somewhat similar to the ISS Venture Star from Avatar: http://james-camerons-avatar.wikia.com/wiki/Interstellar_Vehicle_Venture...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by b.Lorenz‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by b.Lorenz‭

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Can a sounds frequency stun?

This is in reference to Could an organism have evolved to kill its prey by shouting at it? However, most answers here speak towards the brute force side of the equation, measure by it's decibel le...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Twelfth‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Twelfth‭

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Powering a starship with solar cells

For a while now I've been building a science fiction world and I've been thinking what would be a feasible way to power a large ship capable of interstellar travel. I've always disliked the idea on...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by System‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by System‭

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Would the sudden creation of a super-suit cause noticeable wind?

Using my world changing invention and my massive intellect I have created the perfect defensive tool for myself and any minions valued friends I deem might need one. The tool is a super suit that ...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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How quickly can I form a mountain chain?

I'm designing a world, and I want it to have major geological changes over a short period of time. This includes continental drift, which I'm assuming should have some interesting results. In parti...

4 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Seventh Tiger‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Seventh Tiger‭

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Spatial dimensions with non-equivalent dimensional eigenvalues

Our universe is described as having three physical dimensions, plus one time dimension, where the eigenvalues for the physical dimensions are all the same, but the eigenvalue for time is opposite (...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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Can this food give off enough energy to melt metal?

I'm currently writing a story, but however I'm having trouble with one part. The hero is faced with a situation where he has to create a fire strong enough melt 5 kg of copper, and he only has a ma...

4 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by notificationsquad‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by notificationsquad‭

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Nuclear rockets and EMPs

Nuclear rockets, or as I like to think of them, "half way between a continuous small atomic explosion and reactor whose front fell off". There are many variants, and my aliens are using relative si...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by BenRW‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by BenRW‭

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e=0. What Does That Mean for the Seasons?

Currently, Earth's eccentricity (orbital shape) is 0.0167086. Zero is a perfect circle whereas One is parabolic escape orbit and any greater becomes a hyperbola. And in the theory of the Milankov...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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Virtual particles as propellant

I've read that even in a "perfect" vacuum, matter exists in the form of virtual particles that spontaneously pop into existence only to be immediately annihilated. This suggests to me that it might...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Adam‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Adam‭

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Recipe For the 300-Mile Wide Crater

66 million years ago, a space bomb ten kilometers, or six miles, wide raced through the atmosphere at 20 kilometers per second and landed on the Gulf of Mexico at an angle of 90 degrees. The resul...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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In The Event One Wants a Gas Titan in His Worldbuilding Story

In recent years, we have discovered exoplanets that defy our traditional perspectives on how planets work. WASP-17b is twice as wide as Jupiter, yet half as massive, probably because of its orbita...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by JohnWDailey‭

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What technology can create water on an airless, desert planet?

Planet has these characteristics: Half of the planet is always on day, and other half is always night (it rotates at the same velocity as its orbit) There are no underground water sources; it's a...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Malkev‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Malkev‭

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Is there any way we could "see" smells?

I was thinking about making up a visor like Batman has in the Arkham series, where he "analyzes" a sample and then he can set a filter on his visor for particles of that compound. Something like a...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by John Hamilton‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by John Hamilton‭

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Microphone implanted in and powered by the body

In an effort to reduce the murder rate I want to greatly increase the chances of getting caught. To do so I invented a device that will record your last words (and potential the murderer's and your...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by DasBeasto‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by DasBeasto‭

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What would the composition of an "indestructible" material be?

I'm currently working on a Sci-Fi setting for my friends to use in a campaign (my friend is GM but he's too lazy to come up with a setting so I offered to do it), I've already worked out the minor ...

5 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by AnAspiringAuthor‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by AnAspiringAuthor‭

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What factors influence a moon's reflectiveness?

I know that moon composition and atmosphere (if it exists) will influence how reflective a moon is, but I was hoping for a fairly exhaustive list of materials that moons are actually made of, how r...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Geminirand‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Geminirand‭

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How big would a fusion reactor need to be to produce a constant triple digit terawattage?

And how much fuel would you need to carry? I'm trying to determine what kind of engine you'd need to accelerate a good-size spacecraft (thousands to millions of tons) at a constant 1g in a race acr...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Z.Schroeder‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Z.Schroeder‭

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How to alter the atmosphere as to make aerospace engines highly volatile?

When thinking about a potential answer to this question about preventing flight in a cyberpunk dystopia, I had an idea that I do no possess sufficient knowledge to prove/disprove.  Thus you'll be t...

4 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by dot_Sp0T‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by dot_Sp0T‭

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Build a real life Flash - How to create the speedforce in real life?

In DC's TV-series (and comics), Barry Allen is The Flash: a superhero powered by the speed-force. This speed-force allows him to move incredibly fast, can be transferred to others, and there also e...

2 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Frezzley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Frezzley‭

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Is an interstellar clock orbitally possible?

A Kardashev Type III civilisation has need of a long-scale timepiece, and as such has arranged a series of planets around a black hole such that their orbital periods can be used to tell the time i...

3 answers  ·  posted 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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A localized artificial magnetosphere for Mars

Mars has a couple of problems with regards to colonization such as lack of atmosphere, lack of magnetosphere, weak sunlight, and a few others. Of concern in this question is how to shield human col...

1 answer  ·  posted 7y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Green‭