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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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If a Mount Everest-sized mountain had Earth's sea level atmospheric pressure at the top, what would the atmospheric pressure be at sea level?

I'm designing a world with earthlike gravity where the human colonists are intended to live on top of a gigantic shield volcano as tall as Mount Everest. What would the pressure be at the bottom? ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by David Johnston‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by David Johnston‭

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Bouncing Beads of Blood - Just how cold would it have to be?

My heroine has been stabbed - run through the abdomen by a foot-long dagger - and is bleeding to death. She is currently crawling toward her salvation through a very cold place. She is magically ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Monty Wild‭

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How hot is my dragon?

Little side project on fantasy story with dragons (or wyverns to be exact, but they're equivalent for the purpose). I have dragons roaming the country side, laying waste and ruin in their wake. As...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Nyakouai‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Nyakouai‭

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Feasibility of an Antimatter-Catalysed Ram Augmented Interstellar Rocket (AC-RAIR)

A fictional starship that I am designing functions via a form of Bussard ramjet that uses hydrogen from the interstellar medium as reaction mass, not as fuel. In order to accelerate the propellant...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Arkenstein XII‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Arkenstein XII‭

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Splitting the atom with a hammer

In a world of superheroes the job of blacksmith is given to the very strongest of them. Question Is splitting an atom in a human-scale piece of work by using a human-scale tool even theoretically...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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To make a blue moon, what element does it need?

We know that Mars has a reddish color, because its ground consists of iron-based compounds. The moon is grey-whiteish because it consists mostly of silicon-based compounds. What element should the...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Mr.D‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Mr.D‭

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Focused Earthquake by Remote Jumping up and down - Destroy the Palace!

This question draws on an old idea but it is different. The original question is, "If everyone in the world jumps at the same time, will the Earth move?" My question is,"If everyone in one hemis...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Can you forge iron from oxide dust?

I've been looking over the internet and on here to find some kind of evidence for this, but nothing conclusive, so I was hoping for people with a better understanding of smelting, chemistry and phy...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Nierninwa‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Nierninwa‭

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Punching someone and sending them flying at the speed of sound

How much force/energy is required to punch someone so hard that the person is sent flying at the speed of sound? Also, what can you compare the force/energy to? For example, is it comparable to a ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Hajhar‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Hajhar‭

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Death from old age has stopped, but fertility window is the same. What is the new population equlibrium?

I'm imagining a near-future world where a process can be undergone that will halt all future aging of the body, but the approach causes infertility. Those undergoing it will not have (biological) ...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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Would mining huge amounts of resources on the Moon change its orbit?

Imagine that humanity builds mining facilities on the moon. We know that the moon has Helium-3 which could be used as fuel for fusion reactors. Also, there are a lot of other resources which could ...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Mr.D‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Mr.D‭

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What would the moon look like if its orbit was highly inclined?

How would the phases of the moon change depending on the inclination of its orbit with respect to its primary's equatorial plane? Earth's moon has an orbit that is rather close to the ecliptic, but...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Robbie‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Robbie‭

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How would a Type I civilization not cook itself?

A type 1 civilization is defined as a civilization that can utilize the maximum amount of energy equal available to its entire planet, roughly 1017 watts for Earth. This is equal to the amount of ...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Nikhil Murali‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Nikhil Murali‭

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Preventing the Big Bang

I travel back in time to the Big Bang in my time machine. I am equipped with all the present day equipment I need. I locate the infinitesimal 'point' where the Universe would come into existence an...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Could solar power be utilized and substitute coal in the 19th century?

Would it be possible for a nation with 19th century to very early 20th century technology and history and hot desert climate to utilize solar power for electrical generation as a substitute for coa...

10 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Echo61505‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Echo61505‭

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How to calculate the thickness of the ice layer of a frozen ocean planet/moon?

How do I calculate the thickness of the upper ice layer on cold ocean worlds like Europa, Enceladus, and Ganymede? I'm asking this for a programm I'm currently writing. The given/known quantities ...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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The One-Electron Universe postulate is true - what simple change can I make to change the whole universe?

The one-electron universe postulate, proposed by John Wheeler in a telephone call to Richard Feynman in the spring of 1940, hypothesises that all electrons and positrons are actually manifes...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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How much colder would that asteroid make my planet?

I've seen some posts here (for example this one) for the effects of certain sizes of impactors, but I'm not finding any definite answer and all my google and google scholar searches have not turned...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Nierninwa‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Nierninwa‭

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Would a monster size aquatic lizard be possible?

So, I am writing a comic which will perhaps grow into an entire series about a group of aquatic heroes. One of those heroes is a monster size aquatic lizard. The story of how this lizard came about...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Caters‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Caters‭

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Car headlights in a world without electricity

In a world like ours in the 1980s, but which for whatever reason does not use any form of electricity. (Either it does not exist or batteries and generators etc have not been invented.) For purpos...

8 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by lijat‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by lijat‭

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Visibility of a Red Dwarf Companion Star

An interstellar traveller stands upon the surface of an alien planet beneath the light of an unfamiliar sun. The planet upon which he stands orbits one star of a binary system in which one is a G-c...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Arkenstein XII‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Arkenstein XII‭

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Ice-World / Cryo-World Settlement (amorphous cryolava / cryomagma)

I was watching a program about the New Horizons space probe and was fascinated by the new revelations about cryolava/cryomagma, and the amorphous planes covering Pluto(98% nitrogen ice). I'm wond...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by kipbits‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by kipbits‭

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Calculating Wormhole Wind Speeds

Here's something I've never noticed anyone asking when it comes to wormholes/portals: If they allowed air to pass through them, how fast would the wind be? Should atmospheric pressure differences b...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Cameron Farley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Cameron Farley‭

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Water percentage

All the worlds I've seen built by me or others have surfaces that are mainly water. Is it possible for a habitable world to exist if the world is mainly land? I'm only talking about 55-65 percent l...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Uncle Tres‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Uncle Tres‭

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Targeting cities with meteors

So this was done in Starship Troopers and I am curious if it is realistic for interplanetary warfare. The idea is that aliens launch meteors at major metropolitan areas...and it ends poorly for th...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by James‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by James‭

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What is the best planetary orbit around a black hole in order to support life?

Note: I am aware of a previous question Physiological effects of living on a world close to a black hole As I understand it, that question refers specifically to a planet that is in a non-ideal ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Can stars that are not powered by nuclear fusion exist?

Stars generate their energy by fusing lighter elements into heavier elements. The most common reaction in Sun-like stars is the conversion of hydrogen to helium via the proton-proton chain, but hea...

16 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by HDE 226868‭

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Cloth-eating creature wants to eat synthetic textiles. How?

Based on this question and answer about a human sized creature that lives completely on textiles, how feasible is it for a creature to consume nylon and polyester to derive fats/lipids useful for b...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Green‭

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What's the most efficient way to destroy civilization from orbit?

What's the easiest way for your stereotypical aliens to destroy civilization from orbit? I'm taking "destroy civilization" to mean the destruction of all large-scale forms of governance, but bonus ...

31 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Nathan Ringo‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Nathan Ringo‭

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What minerals can be used to make teeth?

Vertebrate tooth enamel is made from Hydroxylapatite, however this need not be the only material available that an alien species could use to make teeth or tooth-like structures. Given that an ide...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Monty Wild‭

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Large spider walking upside down

Many fantasy stories involve large spiders like in Harry Potter. These creatures behave almost exactly like normal spiders despite their size. My question is: can large spiders still walk upside d...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Vincent‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Vincent‭

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Silent low altitude long range supersonic drone

In the near future, drones replace military fighter jets that require human pilots. These drones will be travelling at many times the speed of sound. Highly sophisticated drones will be able to eva...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by user6760‭

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Could a greek or roman boat be blown to the americas in a storm?

This question prompts me to evaluate the possibility that the romans or greeks could be blown in a storm to the Americas and survive if they had enough water provisions? Or maybe not provisions bu...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Joze‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joze‭

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Design me a Mars drone

In this question about a Mars battle set up in 2100-ish, we decided, that the best battle devices would be drones. In that setup the whole "drone" thing was hand-waved, but I would like to know if ...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Pavel Janicek‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Pavel Janicek‭

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Making a Counter-Earth

In this question, it's pointed out that the L3 Lagrange point, where a "true" Counter-Earth would lie, is in fact unstable, and over time any object there would drift into a different orbit. Obvio...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Kromey‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Kromey‭

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Hot rods into space!

Based on this question about an impossible barbell planet, how hot would the bar be if it extended from halfway in the Earth's mantle to an altitude of 2r of Earth's radius? The diameter of the bar...

1 answer  ·  posted 9y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Green‭

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Creating a realistic world(s) map - planetary systems

Once the geography of the world is designed, it needs a planetary system to inhabit. But how should that solar system look? The only constraint is that the system needs the new world to be placed i...

2 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by Samuel‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Samuel‭

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What would the economic impact of the ability to transmute lead into gold?

Okay, my first trial run, How would humans and society react to a superhero existing and saving the earth?, of social sciences with hard-science is looking some what sickly at the moment (maybe som...

4 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by PyRulez‭

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How would humans and society react to a superhero existing and saving the earth?

This is going to be a test run of hard-science, social science edition. This is in accordance with http://meta.worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/2348/8914. Okay, so a meteor is about to hit the ea...

5 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by PyRulez‭

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Personal fart power - is it viable?

It's the future and oil resources have run out. A scientist has suggested using personal fart power to meet our individual power needs. World governments are seriously considering this. They have ...

7 answers  ·  posted 9y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Can medieval people make a potato gun?

The spud gun uses air pressure to shoot a projectile - unusually a potato - at high speed towards a distant target much similar to todays revolvers. The only difference is that there is no gunpowde...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by user6760‭

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Method to share genetics beyond traditional sexual reproduction

It seems that my ability to create interesting creatures is limited by the need for sexual reproduction, which is absurdly useful, but also rather limiting, method of sharing genetics. I acknowled...

9 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by dsollen‭

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What would it take to build a ship capable of crossing the Pacific?

In my story, I have a small extended family of 30 to 40 individuals ranging in age from 0 to 50 who are on the run from Chinese and Japanese forces in 1400AD. No place in Asia is safe for them. By...

17 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Green‭

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How to create a realistic, Earth-like exoplanet?

Well, I ask the question because apparently I am going to aim for NaNoWriMo. I am calculating the density of a planet with 1.8 Earth masses and 0.9 Earth radii, but last I checked, the calculation...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Future Historian‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Future Historian‭

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A spacecraft the size of Apollo 11's lunar module, composed of antimatter, around a normal star

After writing this question, I came up with a new question. Consideration The considerations are mostly similar to the linked question (reading it is highly encouraged, as I am trying to post as...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Hendrik Lie‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Hendrik Lie‭

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How can future Mars colonists combat intelligence loss?

Earth is more massive than Mars, so people on Martian soil would definitely suffer some health issues due to weaker gravity. Blood circulation is badly affected as heart muscles starts to deteriora...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by user6760‭

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If Mars contains coal, will it become a dominant source of energy?

In the year 2099 A.D, humans made a major discovery. There is a rich source of fossil fuel buried beneath layers of Martian soil. It is estimated that the coal deposit that was discovered could fil...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user6760‭

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Stealth in Space: How realistic is it?

This has been considered other places on the net, but I thought it would be good for the hard-science challenge, since it is often an example of the subtle difference between soft and hard science....

16 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by PyRulez‭

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How would you designate targets for orbital bombardment?

Throwing big rocks at planets is so passe and any asteroid tug can do that now. The Intergalactic Arms Reduction Treaty forbids the intentional bombardment of a planet's surface with large asteroi...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Green‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Green‭

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Blind spot in the Solar System

An alien spaceship the size of an Empire State Building experiences a technical issues with its cloaking device, their duty technician needs 24 hours to repair and meanwhile the alien wants to avoi...

11 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by user6760‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by user6760‭