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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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Where would water come from in an underground colony?

A large solar flare event ignites the atmosphere of Earth, but luckily, humans have been preparing for an event like this for some time. We have a fairly large shelter around 2.2 kilometers undergr...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by QuiquÈ…‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by QuiquÈ…‭

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Can I use my earth-changing invention to hide in orbit?

I've built a device, it's capable of turning matter to energy and energy to matter with perfect efficiency, I've got the resources to build a space station in secrecy, and I want to get off the pla...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Joe Bloggs‭

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Modern technology during WW2, can it be powered safely?

Imagine someone from the modern day somehow gets transported back in time around the same time of WW2 without warning ahead of time. He has with him a laptop, graphing calculator (and a hand full ...

5 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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What happened when my scientist drilled a hole through Europa's "crust"?

I gave this a quick test on sandbox, and agreed with the comment that I should steer away from the physics part and focus on the geology, etc. Assuming Europa's ice crust is 10km thick as some spe...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Mikey‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Mikey‭

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Super human physics: Iceman blocking bullets

In many movies we see super heroes creating walls of ice to block explosions and bullets. How realistic is this? In the Incredibles Frozone shoots ice at a police officer just before he shoots a ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by sdrawkcabdear‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by sdrawkcabdear‭

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Metal foam for space constructs

So I'm writing a setting featuring asteroid mining à la Deep Space Industries, where the material mined is used for construction in space rather than brought to Earth. To maximize efficiency, I'm ...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Jetscooters‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Jetscooters‭

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Could edible fish live in a large water tank used as a radiation shield on a spacecraft?

As a source of food, would it be possible to have fish and/or plants living inside a water tank situated between the fusion or fission power plant and the crew quarters of a ship? The ship in ques...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Smoj‭  ·  last activity 6y ago by Smoj‭

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How similar to earth could a planet which experiences a permanent day be?

I want to play with the idea of a sapient species evolving on a world where at least part of the world experiences a permanent day. The obvious way to doing this would be where part of the world f...

4 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by dsollen‭

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Attenuation of a laser in space?

Given that a laser beam is made up of coherent light waves running in parallel in the same direction, and that space is not a complete vacuum (dust, radiation, electromagnetic forces etc.), what ki...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Smoj‭  ·  last activity 7y ago by Smoj‭

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Is it (practically) possible to determine the stellar coordinates of a planet from a photograph of the night sky?

For my story, I need to know the following: I have a (long exposure) analog (as in "not digital") picture of the night sky taken on a random planet somewhere in the Milky Way galaxy. I know it i...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by mg30rg‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by mg30rg‭

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Equations or process to determine the result of a collision between two objects?

When looking to design armor - how can I determine whether a given ballistic object would completely stop, deflect into another direction, or penetrate another object given complete physical inform...

2 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by DoubleDouble‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by DoubleDouble‭

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Materials for a nanofabricated giant monster

In How large a bioengineered mobile lifeform could exist on Earth?, I asked how big my nanoassembled war beasts could be, and it was suggested that I make my question more specific. I am designing...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by Monty Wild‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Monty Wild‭

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How much Sulfur Dioxide is needed to freeze life on earth?

This is inspired by What single element could destroy the world?. Injecting sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere has been proposed as a mechanism to relieve the symptoms of global warming by creatin...

1 answer  ·  posted 8y ago by browly‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by browly‭

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Could you "create" a fertilized human foetus without sperm?

Arising from the comments in This Question, which started to stray offtopic into the question of whether men are needed at all. In Short: Could you create a fertilized human (necessarily female) f...

3 answers  ·  posted 8y ago by Ieuan Stanley‭  ·  last activity 8y ago by Ieuan Stanley‭

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Of strange atmospheres - the survivable but unbreathable

Most gases that are toxic to breathe also do nasty things to the skin when they're in the atmosphere at dangerous concentrations - and one is walking around without sealed protective clothing; sulf...

8 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Ash‭

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Is it possible to kill all life on Earth?

Edit: It has been suggested that my question is a duplicate of What could humans do to render the earth uninhabitable?. That question only asks what would be necessary to make human life impossibl...

21 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by JBH‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by JBH‭

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Can I render satellite deployment impossible, or at least impractical, by exploiting the Kessler syndrome?

I want to render impractical the deployment of satellites by exploiting the Kessler syndrome. Why, you ask? Maybe I'm an evil overlord and I don't want those pesky satellites flying over my lair. ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Zizzo‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Zizzo‭

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What are the harmful consequences of burning cigarette stubs in large quantities?

I have a pair of survivors living in a trailer (18-wheeler's trailer) and they have found about 3 pounds of cigarette butts and have decided to burn them for warmth. What would happen to these two?...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Joe P‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Joe P‭

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With today's technology, could iron be smelted at La Rinconada?

La Rinconada, Peru is notable because it has an effective oxygen concentration of only 11%, leading to the need for special techniques just to keep a fire going, and preventing the use of combustio...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Shalvenay‭

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What's the useful range of atmospheric oxygen content for fire?

Fire is certainly high up on the top ten list of mankinds most useful inventions. It allows for a more efficient utilisation of nutriants, is the basis of chemistry and the material sciences, allow...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Solar cells in the Renaissance

An engineer goes back in time to attempt to rewrite history: since global warming has wiped out all but a few living species at his home timeline, he wants to prevent it without preventing an indu...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by yanis‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by yanis‭

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Brown Dwarf Star vs Gas Giant as parent for habitable moon

I seek to build a habitable moon of a giant planet, thus I looked at the Rouche Limit Equation to figure out how to get the biggest possible Hill Sphere for my moon to exist in. $r_H = a(1-e)\sqrt...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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How would digital currency work on a intergalactic scale with limited FTL loopholes?

Another question got me interested in this. How would finances work when there would frequently be long delays for confirmations of transactions? Let's say there are Jump Gates/Artificial Wormholes...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by aslum‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by aslum‭

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How soon can the first stars form?

Introduction In our universe, the cosmic microwave background was formed approximately 400,000 years after the Big Bang. It was hot, but within a few million years after the Big Bang, it would no ...

0 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by HDE 226868‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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A non-technological, repeating, phenomenon in the sky, holding its position in the sky for hours

Is this physically possible? A non-technological phenomenon visible in the same position of the sky, for 18 hours of a day using the other 6 to do whatever, rise and set, just be impossible to see...

13 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Malady‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Malady‭

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Creating a wormhole connecting two universes with different spacetime metrics?

A civilization wishes to create a wormhole connecting its universe to a universe with a different spacetime metric. For instance if we describe a timelike dimension with $+$ symbol and a spacelike...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Anders Gustafson‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Anders Gustafson‭

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Atmosphere of a terraformed 10 km planetoid with Earth gravity

Bernal spheres and other O'Neill cylinders are complicated, maintenance-high and fragile beasts. Someone started to make micro-black-holes and put them in asteroids, in order to have 1 to 10+km roc...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Eth‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Eth‭

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Natural Armour and Weapons

In my fantasy world, the magic system pretty much makes metal armour and weapons obsolete. The magic system's specifics aren't important, just note that the magic system allows the users to 'penetr...

15 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Uncertainty‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Uncertainty‭

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Aliens in a 4D universe try to explore our 3D spacetime fabric: How can they do it?

They do not necessarily meet humans and try to interact with them. This question is more about the technical possibility/impossibility of 4D aliens being able to "analyze" the inner structure of ou...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Christmas Snow‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Christmas Snow‭

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How much energy can I produce per kg of hydrogen using this process?

In the far future the posthuman successors of mankind have disassembled the stars and live on ultra slow and ultra efficient solar system sized computers, Matrioshka Brains. The last enemy of intel...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Body plan of a 4D human-analog?

I am attempting to design aliens that live in a universe with a 4+1 space-time--i.e., a universe with four orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than three, in addition to a fifth time dimension. I...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭

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What are the effects of a nearby supernova on a young solar system?

I'm building a S-Type binary system where the primary star is a black hole. Yet the system formed as a O + K-Spectral class binary and the 20 solar-mass O giant went nova 2,7 myr after both the sta...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Life on the Broken Ring - an issue of size

One of my ongoing projects is what I think of as the "constructed worlds gallery", a series of Megastructures as settings for stories and games, including things like the "Flying Pie-plate" a world...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Ash‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Ash‭

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How useful would a hydroelectric power plant be in the post-apocalypse world?

The details don't matter, just that a large fraction of people have died (let's say 90%) and society has completely collapsed. It's only a year or two later, and people have started to gather toge...

9 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by conman‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by conman‭

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Crop production in mountains?

Would potato- or grain-like crops be able to flourish in northern alpine regions? There's a lot to be said about the Andeans, but the have the benefit of living near the equator that other civiliza...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Cygnus X-1‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Cygnus X-1‭

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How many terrestrial moons can my planet hold?

I have a Gas Giant with 13x the mass of Jupiter. How many satellites of Earth size and mass can it hold safely in its orbit? Edit: This gas giant lies smack dab in the middle of its parent star's ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Thalassan‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Thalassan‭

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External ATP Synthesiser Plausibility

Assume a civilisation with futuristically advanced knowledge of biochemistry. Assume it wants to develop a cybernetic device meant to facilitate the organism's ability to perform high-power activit...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭

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Could a planet have a naturally occuring moon at one of its Lagrange points?

Would it be possible for a planet to naturally have a moon or large natural satellite at one of its Lagrange points? If so would it then also be able to have a second moon that would be orbiting t...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Frotzie‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Frotzie‭

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How Efficient Could Anaerobic Megafauna Be?

Obviously, if available, atmospheric oxygen is a great source of energy. However, I'm surely not the first worldbuilder who wants an alien species which doesn't depend on it (whether due to having ...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by vicky_molokh‭

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What is the theoretical maximum number of habitable planets in one solar system?

In the DC comic book universe, the Vega System is a solar system around the star Vega (Alpha Lyrae), which is depicted as having dozens of habitable planets. While it seems to be an implausibly lar...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by nick012000‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by nick012000‭

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What's the largest an Earth-like planet can be and support Earth's biosphere?

For certain reasons I decided to not set my story on Earth. However, the planet is meant to host an Earth-like biosphere (including humans, most of Earth's species (perhaps some that didn't evolve ...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Tobi Alafin‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Tobi Alafin‭

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Super Strong robotic prosthesis steampunk Style

I'm thinking of a character that has the magical ability to transform parts of his body into technology, similar to Generator Rex or Bleeding armor iron man, but only with the technology that he "u...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Invasor‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Invasor‭

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Counteracting Perverse Incentive effects in 1902 Hanoi rat population

A perverse incentive is a reward system that has the opposite effect to the one intended. In Hanoi, under French colonial rule, a program paying people a bounty for each rat tail handed in wa...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Calculating an eccentric enough orbit to allow a dip into atmosphere and escape again

How would I calculate if it is possible to have an eccentric enough orbit around a gas giant to dip the periapsis some depth(how deep?) into the atmosphere of a gas giant like Jupiter or Saturn and...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by GRF‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by GRF‭

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Why would a male marsiupial agree to accept responsibility for carrying half of his mate's joeys?

I'm looking to create a species of marsupial that is heavily K select, which is to say they put significant effort into raising their young after birth (both of them :P ) in which both the male and...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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A Decoy Planet made of expanded polystyrene. How big can I make it?

Note: This is different from the previous question Building a full-sized Lego Earth - what would it look like at various levels?. In that case it was about making a solid full-size Earth from Lego ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Beer Goggles in the Antarctic

Background A large colony lives in the Antarctic in a network of bases. They have so far evaded the dreadful worldwide plague. When they venture outside their base they don their climate-proof ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Effects of Explosive Decompression on the Human Body?

Many science fiction stories, movies, and shows involve characters undergoing explosive decompression, the technical term for a rapid drop in pressure, usually all the way to a vacuum. Frequently,...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Gryphon‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Gryphon‭

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Could the equator of a world be a closed-time like loop?

Most works of fiction have quite imaginative views of time travel. Mighty machines that teleport in time instead of space. Gaping portals in space that take you to another time. Mystical beings wit...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by PyRulez‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by PyRulez‭

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What will it cost me to travel through Time? (Part 1: Travelling forwards in Time - Time Dilation)

There are many questions on Worldbuilding about what item(s) a time traveller should take back in time in order to alter past events or even simply to survive. There has never as far as I know bee...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭