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Rigorous Science

Q&A with a focus on more stringent analysis. Questions and answers should be well-researched, clearly explained, and supported with references, equations, or empirical evidence based on current, widely-accepted science. Please read the category guidelines.

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I have a way of giving something negative mass. Did I just end the world,or usher in a golden age of space travel?

So, somehow, I have discovered a process that makes an objects mass negative. Not its weight, its mass (although, I guess that the weight would also become negative). The thing is, before I try it,...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Mark Gardner‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Mark Gardner‭

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Square thrusters on spaceships

My question is pretty basic, would square thrusters and RCS ports have any real drawbacks over round ones? I know that angles on windows for airplanes is a problem because of the pressure, so I don...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Snydwell‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Snydwell‭

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Building a full-sized Lego Earth - what would it look like at various levels?

Lego representations of Earth have been made at various scales, for example this one: Suppose Slartibartfast made a full-size Earth from Lego (including the oceans being represented as solid blo...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Can I render satellite deployment impossible, or at least impractical, by exploiting the Kessler syndrome?

I want to render impractical the deployment of satellites by exploiting the Kessler syndrome. Why, you ask? Maybe I'm an evil overlord and I don't want those pesky satellites flying over my lair. ...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Zizzo‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Zizzo‭

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The Properties of Flaming Fire Magic

Magical fire is often depicted as flames. To get fire and flames the right mixture of oxygen, fuel and heat is needed. Assuming that the magic only provides the heat, there are only two chemical re...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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What would happen to air flow and fires in an O'Neill cylinder?

I was curious: Suppose we built an O'Neill cylinder with an air mixture similar to Earth's (not pure oxygen). Does the air also get "thrown" down towards the floor of an O'Neill cylinder? If I sta...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Randster‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Randster‭

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Assuming a flat world and no obstacles, how far could you see?

I know this question has been asked in similar places, but I'm after a specific part of the problem. Assuming the following: Perfectly flat, infinite world Earth's atmosphere Sun directly overhea...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Cygnus X-1‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Cygnus X-1‭

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What order of magnitude incoming asteroid could we, in fact, deflect?

We actually today have programs to keep an eye out for various rocks in space that may hit Earth. It's a common sci-fi trope that when one is on course to hit us, we deflect it. That's pretty muc...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Fattie‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Fattie‭

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Can transistors be made in the stone age? (Spoiler: Dr.Stone)

WARNING: This post contains some spoilers for the anime/manga Dr.Stone. As I'm watching Dr.Stone, I see Senku and the gang trying to make vacuum tubes for their circuits. The vacuum tube is an anc...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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A non-technological, repeating, phenomenon in the sky, holding its position in the sky for hours

Is this physically possible? A non-technological phenomenon visible in the same position of the sky, for 18 hours of a day using the other 6 to do whatever, rise and set, just be impossible to see...

13 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Malady‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Malady‭

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What is required for advanced lungs to filter dangerous chemicals (so to speak, to carry out the detoxification process) and then use oxygen?

What is required for advanced lungs to filter dangerous chemicals (so to speak, to carry out the detoxification process) and then use oxygen? (It is advisable to take into account the above record,...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by French Thompson‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by French Thompson‭

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What would the moon look like if its orbit was highly inclined?

How would the phases of the moon change depending on the inclination of its orbit with respect to its primary's equatorial plane? Earth's moon has an orbit that is rather close to the ecliptic, but...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Robbie‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Robbie‭

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Feasibility of an Antimatter-Catalysed Ram Augmented Interstellar Rocket (AC-RAIR)

A fictional starship that I am designing functions via a form of Bussard ramjet that uses hydrogen from the interstellar medium as reaction mass, not as fuel. In order to accelerate the propellant...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Arkenstein XII‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Arkenstein XII‭

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What sort of acceleration would I need for my space ship to reach Eris in 3 months

I have been working on a sci-fi story for a little while now, and have recently discovered that I made a very big error in assuming the position of Eris. The main issue is that I had forgotten to t...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TitaniumTurtle‭

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Could solar power be utilized and substitute coal in the 19th century?

Would it be possible for a nation with 19th century to very early 20th century technology and history and hot desert climate to utilize solar power for electrical generation as a substitute for coa...

10 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Echo61505‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Echo61505‭

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Could the Breakthrough Starshot probes be detected in their taget system by modern or near-future technology?

The Breakthrough Starshot is a method of robotic interstellar exploration by launching thousands of small centimeter-sized probes, each equipped with a 4 x 4 meter light-sail. Thanks to their small...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by vsz‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by vsz‭

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Producing solar panels on Mars - what is minimal process required, and the mass to import it?

On Mars any initial colony will be power limited. Power sources can be brought from Earth, but any power generation capacity would reduce the mass available for other, more useful cargo. Alternat...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by user2702772‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user2702772‭

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Food Production ...IN SPACE!

One of the basic requirements for life is effectively food. One of the basic requirements of engineering is that we lift off with as little mass as possible. If we choose to explore the solar syst...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Englishman Bob‭

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Death from old age has stopped, but fertility window is the same. What is the new population equlibrium?

I'm imagining a near-future world where a process can be undergone that will halt all future aging of the body, but the approach causes infertility. Those undergoing it will not have (biological) ...

5 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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How do I determine the physical size of a quartz crystal of a given shape and vibrational mode needed to approximate a specific resonant frequency?

So, one of my D&D characters has a cut/relief-carved quartz crystal amulet (medallion shaped) that's both an arcane focus (crystal) and a holy symbol (amulet), and I thought it would be a good ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Shalvenay‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Shalvenay‭

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What size would a planet have to be such that I could throw a tennis ball into orbit?

If I was affixed to the surface of some solid spherical body in space (so as to ignore effects like me floating away), would it be possible for me to throw a tennis ball so that it went into orbit ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Lord Null‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Lord Null‭

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Aliens in a 4D universe try to explore our 3D spacetime fabric: How can they do it?

They do not necessarily meet humans and try to interact with them. This question is more about the technical possibility/impossibility of 4D aliens being able to "analyze" the inner structure of ou...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Christmas Snow‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Christmas Snow‭

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Could a planet be habitable due to illumination from the galactic core?

I recently saw this answers where it was suggested that the galactic core could illuminate a planet suffiently to make sure it is always summer on one side of the planet. This got me curious and af...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Splitting the atom with a hammer

In a world of superheroes the job of blacksmith is given to the very strongest of them. Question Is splitting an atom in a human-scale piece of work by using a human-scale tool even theoretically...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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Walking across lava

What would it look like if a human (with the proper protection) walked across a lava stream? Assume that 'proper protection' means some way of insulating against the heat so that they don't get...

5 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by subrunner‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by subrunner‭

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Body plan of a 4D human-analog?

I am attempting to design aliens that live in a universe with a 4+1 space-time--i.e., a universe with four orthogonal spatial dimensions, rather than three, in addition to a fifth time dimension. I...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Logan R. Kearsley‭

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Brown Dwarf Star vs Gas Giant as parent for habitable moon

I seek to build a habitable moon of a giant planet, thus I looked at the Rouche Limit Equation to figure out how to get the biggest possible Hill Sphere for my moon to exist in. $r_H = a(1-e)\sqrt...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by TheDyingOfLight‭

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Flying commercial airliners with ground power?

A thought occurred to me, and I wondered if it could be made practical... This video talks about the possibility of electrical battery powered planes, and in short, while it may be practical to bu...

3 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by FlyingLemmingSoup‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by FlyingLemmingSoup‭

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Why would a male marsiupial agree to accept responsibility for carrying half of his mate's joeys?

I'm looking to create a species of marsupial that is heavily K select, which is to say they put significant effort into raising their young after birth (both of them :P ) in which both the male and...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by dsollen‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by dsollen‭

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What are possible energy carriers besides ATP?

I'm thinking about designing an alien race. The race is carbon-based and evolved on a world with an average surface temperature between 40 and 60 degrees Celsius. Now, on Earth, almost all lifeform...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by user73910‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by user73910‭

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How fast does an antimatter bullet need to move to pierce rather than explode?

The environment is set in (ideal) space with no air for the bullet to interact with. It should encounter nothing until it reaches its target. The bullet is assumed to be a perfect sphere with a di...

9 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by John Zhau‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by John Zhau‭

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What is a reasonable energy solution for a proposed solar system wide Laser Propulsion array?

In my fiction I'm setting up a civilization which uses Laser Propulsion for moving things between bodies within a solar system (assume Earth/sun analogy). Laser Units have been set up anchored to a...

2 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Chris W‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Chris W‭

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What is the difference between a pulsed particle weapon and a beam particle weapon?

I'm considering adding a particle based weapon within my setting. It would be used in atmosphere and utilise [electrons] (http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/sidearmenergy.php#id--Particl...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Seraphim‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Seraphim‭

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A possible solution to stealth in space

I'm sure most worldbuilders will have heard the aphorism that in space "Everyone sees Everything", or that "There Ain't No Stealth In Space". I'd like to propose a possible solution to this. Th...

7 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Gryphon‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Gryphon‭

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Could you liquefy an asteroid to collect its resources?

Suppose you could pump a load of energy into an asteroid at a safe distance. As energy gets added to the object, does it make sense that this could be done in a way to get the asteroid to different...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Chris W‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Chris W‭

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Can someone with a better understanding of physics review or correct my design of a hypothetical fusion reactor for space vessels?

I have a layman's (re: not very good) understanding of nuclear physics, and it's pretty cool to me, but I'm quite bad at math. I'm working on a sci-fi book (classic, I know) and just finished a dra...

2 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Nepty‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Nepty‭

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Visual Cortex, superficial Brain Implant - Biological feasibility

In another question Everybody has a brain implant. What measures can a criminal take to escape justice? I assumed that a brain implant would be possible in the future for surveillance. In this que...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by chasly from UK‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by chasly from UK‭

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How does the n-body-problem affect a star system around a red dwarf?

So my story is set in the TRAPPIST-1-system and a rogue planet enters the system. When it's still far off, a scientist discovers that one of the numbers is slightly off. (She has some tables that p...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Böller‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Böller‭

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How can an Earth-like moon meet these angular diameter conditions?

NOTE: If there is anything about this question that needs clarification or editing, please don't hesitate to let me know in the comments. Get ready, because you're in for quite a ride. I have t...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by overlord - Reinstate Monica‭

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What's the largest an Earth-like planet can be and support Earth's biosphere?

For certain reasons I decided to not set my story on Earth. However, the planet is meant to host an Earth-like biosphere (including humans, most of Earth's species (perhaps some that didn't evolve ...

4 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Tobi Alafin‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Tobi Alafin‭

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What would it take to make a scientific second equal exactly one traditional second?

A scientist is resetting the clock on his microwave one day as he considers the hopelessness of keeping the time exactly right. Not for the reasons we worry about like power outages and daylight s...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Nosajimiki - Reinstate Monica‭

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The moon will fall to earth in 100 years, how fast is the asteroid that knocked it down?

We have at most 100 years to abandon earth. The 10-km asteroid which killed the dinosaurs has hit the moon head-on instead. As a result, the moon has slowed down and it's orbit will decay by 400,00...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭

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Could a new planets plane be at a different degree as the other planets in our solar system?

I read this and wonder now, what if we would introduce a new planet to our solar system; would the force of gravitation demand a similar plane as that of the other planets? Mercuries 6.3° indica...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Backup Plan‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Backup Plan‭

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What is the highest theoretical escape velocity a 2 billion metric ton vehicle can achieve using a >20$^{\circ}$ gravitational slingshot?

I want to send a flying saucer (a $\frac{1}{10}$ scale Independence Day City Destroyer - calculated as a sphere cap 112m high with 1.2km segment radius, $\rho$ about 43.3kg/m3) away from the sun as...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by Vogon Poet‭  ·  edited 4y ago by HDE 226868‭

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How far from the Sun could we detect an alien spacecraft similar to the Voyagers?

Suppose that there is an alien spacecraft travelling towards the Sun. This spacecraft is similar in design, size and power output to Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 as they were immediately after launch fr...

3 answers  ·  posted 5y ago by Canina‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Canina‭

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Steam-powered organ

Today I visited a two hours long organ concert (man, it was amazing) and weird idea have popped up in my head: organ powered by steam instead of pressurized air. This also made me thinking that it ...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by val says Reinstate Monica‭

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How much colder would that asteroid make my planet?

I've seen some posts here (for example this one) for the effects of certain sizes of impactors, but I'm not finding any definite answer and all my google and google scholar searches have not turned...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Nierninwa‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Nierninwa‭

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How to calculate the average temperature of the hemispheres of a planet tidally locked to its star?

I have a planet orbiting a red dwarf and, as expected, it is tidally locked to its star. I know that these planets will have a very significant temperature difference between the diurnal and noctur...

1 answer  ·  posted 4y ago by URIZEN‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by URIZEN‭

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Good approximative function to extrapolate weight of scaled clothing

Motivation The Square-Cube law is usually cited where questions of scale arise. Actually applying it to real-world objects quickly shows that it is completely unusable to approximate weight differ...

1 answer  ·  posted 5y ago by Zsar‭  ·  last activity 5y ago by Zsar‭

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What type of planet where non-aerodynamic space launch vehicles are possible

What would be the approximate gravity, atmosphere etc. of a planet for a species to never make or use launch vehicles with rounded shapes like tapering cylinders, because they make use of the incre...

4 answers  ·  posted 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭  ·  last activity 4y ago by Bob Kerman‭